§3#1Ἐκ δὴ τούτων φανερὸν ὅτι οὐ μόνον ἐγρηγορότων αἱ κινήσεις αἱ ἀπὸ τῶν αἰσθημάτων γινόμεναι τῶν τε θύραθεν καὶ τῶν ἐκ τοῦ σώματος ἐνυπαρχουσῶν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὅταν γένηται τὸ πάθος τοῦτο ὃ καλεῖται ὕπνος, καὶ μᾶλλον τότε φαίνονται.
From these things it is clear that not only when we are awake do the movements arising from sensations—both those from external objects and those residing in the body—exist, but also when this state which is called sleep occurs, and indeed they appear even more then.
Μεθ’ ἡμέραν μὲν γὰρ ἐκκρούονται ἐνεργουσῶν τῶν αἰσθήσεων καὶ τῆς διανοίας, καὶ ἀφανίζονται ὥσπερ παρὰ πολὺ πῦρ ἔλαττον καὶ λῦπαι καὶ ἡδοναὶ μικραὶ παρὰ μεγάλας, παυσαμένων δ’ ἐπιπολάζει καὶ τὰ μικρά·
For during the day they are driven out because the senses and the intellect are active, and they disappear just as a smaller fire does next to a large one, and small pains and pleasures next to great ones; but when these activities cease, even the small ones come to the surface.
νύκτωρ δὲ δι’ ἀργίαν τῶν κατὰ μόριον αἰσθήσεων καὶ ἀδυναμίαν τοῦ ἐνεργεῖν, διὰ τὸ ἐκ τῶν ἔξω εἰς τὸ ἐντὸς γίνεσθαι τὴν τοῦ θερμοῦ παλίρροιαν, ἐπὶ τὴν ἀρχὴν τῆς αἰσθήσεως καταφέρονται καὶ γίνονται φανεραὶ καθισταμένης τῆς ταραχῆς.
But at night, because of the inactivity of the particular senses and their inability to act, and because of the reflux of heat from the outside to the inside, they are carried down to the principle of sensation and become clear as the disturbance subsides.
Δεῖ δ’ ὑπολαβεῖν ὥσπερ τὰς μικρὰς δίνας τὰς ἐν τοῖς ποταμοῖς γινομένας, οὕτω τὴν κίνησιν ἑκάστην γίνεσθαι συνεχῶς, πολλάκις μὲν ὁμοίως, πολλάκις δὲ διαλυομένας εἰς ἄλλα σχήματα διὰ τὴν ἀντίκρουσιν.
We must suppose that each movement occurs continuously, just like the small eddies that occur in rivers, often in the same way, but often dissolving into other shapes because of collisions.
Διὸ καὶ μετὰ τὴν τροφὴν καὶ πάμπαν νέοις οὖσιν, οἷον τοῖς παιδίοις, οὐ γίνεται ἐνύπνια· πολλὴ γὰρ ἡ κίνησις διὰ τὴν ἀπὸ τῆς τροφῆς θερμότητα.
Therefore, dreams do not occur after food or to those who are completely young, such as infants; for the movement is great due to the heat arising from the food.
Ὥστε καθάπερ ἐν ὑγρῷ, ἐὰν σφόδρα κινῇ τις, ὁτὲ μὲν οὐδὲν φαίνεται εἴδωλον ὁτὲ δὲ φαίνεται μὲν διεστραμμένον δὲ πάμπαν, ὥστε φαίνεσθαι ἀλλοῖον ἢ οἷόν ἐστιν, ἠρεμήσαντος δὲ καθαρὰ καὶ φανερά, οὕτω καὶ ἐν τῷ καθεύδειν τὰ φαντάσματα καὶ αἱ ὑπόλοιποι κινήσεις αἱ συμβαίνουσαι ἀπὸ τῶν αἰσθημάτων ὁτὲ μὲν ὑπὸ μείζονος οὔσης τῆς εἰρημένης κινήσεως ἀφανίζονται πάμπαν, ὁτὲ δὲ τεταραγμέναι φαίνονται αἱ ὄψεις καὶ τερατώδεις καὶ οὐκ ἐρρωμένα τὰ ἐνύπνια, οἷον τοῖς μελαγχολικοῖς καὶ πυρέττουσι καὶ οἰνωμένοις· πάντα γὰρ τὰ τοιαῦτα πάθη πνευματώδη ὄντα πολλὴν ποιεῖ κίνησιν καὶ ταραχήν.
Consequently, just as in a liquid, if someone moves it violently, sometimes no image appears at all, and sometimes it appears but is completely distorted, so that it seems different from what it actually is, but when it rests, the images are clean and clear; so too in sleeping, the phantasms and the remaining movements arising from sensations sometimes, because the aforementioned movement is greater, disappear completely, and sometimes the appearances seem disturbed and monstrous, and the dreams are not robust, as occurs with the melancholic, the feverish, and the intoxicated; for all such states, being full of breath, produce much movement and disturbance.
Καθισταμένου δὲ καὶ διακρινομένου τοῦ αἵματος ἐν τοῖς ἐναίμοις, σωζομένη τῶν αἰσθημάτων ἡ κίνησις ἀφ’ ἑκάστου τῶν αἰσθητηρίων ἐρρωμένα τε ποιεῖ τὰ ἐνύπνια, καὶ φαίνεσθαί τι καὶ δοκεῖν διὰ μὲν τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς ὄψεως καταφερόμενα ὁρᾶν, διὰ δὲ τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς ἀκοῆς ἀκούειν.
But when the blood of red-blooded animals settles and becomes separated, the movement of sensations preserved from each of the sense organs produces robust dreams, making something appear and seem to be; so that because of the movements carried down from sight, one seems to see, and because of those from hearing, to hear.
Ὁμοιοτρόπως δὲ καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ἄλλων αἰσθητηρίων· τῷ μὲν γὰρ ἐκεῖθεν ἀφικνεῖσθαι τὴν κίνησιν πρὸς τὴν ἀρχὴν καὶ ἐγρηγορὼς δοκεῖ ὁρᾶν καὶ ἀκούειν καὶ αἰσθάνεσθαι, καὶ διὰ τὸ τὴν ὄψιν ἐνίοτε κινεῖσθαι δοκεῖν οὐ κινουμένην ὁρᾶν φαμέν, καὶ τῷ τὴν ἁφὴν δύο κινήσεις εἰσαγγέλλειν τὸ ἓν δύο δοκεῖν.
And similarly from the other sense organs; for it is because the movement arrives from there at the principle that even when awake one seems to see and hear and perceive, and because sight sometimes seems to be moved when it is not, we say we see, and because touch reports two movements, the one seems to be two.
Ὅλως γὰρ τὸ ἀφ’ ἑκάστης αἰσθήσεώς φησιν ἡ ἀρχή, ἐὰν μὴ ἑτέρα κυριωτέρα ἀντιφῇ.
For in general, the principle asserts that which comes from each sensation, unless another more authoritative sensation contradicts it.
Φαίνεται μὲν οὖν πάντως, δοκεῖ δὲ οὐ πάντως τὸ φαινόμενον, ἀλλ’ ἐὰν τὸ ἐπικρῖνον κατέχηται ἢ μὴ κινῆται τὴν οἰκείαν κίνησιν.
Therefore, appearing occurs in all cases, but that which appears does not seem to be in all cases, but only if that which judges is constrained or does not perform its own proper movement.
Ὥσπερ δ’ εἴπομεν ὅτι ἄλλοι δι’ ἄλλο πάθος εὐαπάτητοι, οὕτως ὁ καθεύδων διὰ τὸν ὕπνον καὶ τὸ κινεῖσθαι τὰ αἰσθητήρια καὶ τἆλλα τὰ συμβαίνοντα περὶ τὴν αἴσθησιν, ὥστε τὸ μικρὰν ἔχον ὁμοιότητα φαίνεται ἐκεῖνο.
And just as we said that different people are easily deceived because of different emotional states, so the sleeper, because of sleep and the movement of the sense organs and the other things that happen regarding sensation, is such that what has only a small resemblance appears to be that very thing.
Ὅταν γὰρ καθεύδῃ, κατιόντος τοῦ πλείστου αἵματος ἐπὶ τὴν ἀρχὴν συγκατέρχονται αἱ ἐνοῦσαι κινήσεις, αἱ μὲν δυνάμει αἱ δὲ ἐνεργείᾳ.
For when one sleeps, as the greater part of the blood descends to the principle, the inherent movements descend with it, some potentially and others actually.
Οὕτω δ’ ἔχουσιν ὥστε ἐν τῇ κινήσει τῃδὶ ἥδε ἐπιπολάσει ἐξ αὐτοῦ ἡ κίνησις, ἂν δ’ αὕτη φθαρῇ, ἥδε.
And they are so related to one another that in this particular movement, that movement will come to the surface from it, and if this one is destroyed, that one.
Καὶ πρὸς ἀλλήλας δ’ ἔχουσιν ὥσπερ οἱ πεπλασμένοι βάτραχοι οἱ ἀνιόντες ἐν τῷ ὕδατι τηκομένου τοῦ ἁλός.
And they are related to one another just like the artificial frogs that rise in water when the salt melts.
Οὕτως ἔνεισι δυνάμει, ἀνειμένου δὲ τοῦ κωλύοντος ἐνεργοῦσιν· καὶ λυόμεναι ἐν ὀλίγῳ τῷ λοιπῷ αἵματι τῷ ἐν τοῖς αἰσθητηρίοις κινοῦνται, ἔχουσαι ὁμοιότητα ὥσπερ τὰ ἐν τοῖς νέφεσιν, ἃ παρεικάζουσιν ἀνθρώποις καὶ κενταύροις ταχέως μεταβάλλοντα.
In this way they are in it potentially, and when that which hinders is relaxed, they become active; and being released in the small amount of remaining blood in the sense organs, they move, having resemblances like the shapes in clouds, which people liken to men and centaurs, rapidly changing.