§9.9ὁ δὲ δρυοκολάπτης οὐ καθίζει ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς· κόπτει δὲ τὰς δρῦς τῶν σκωλήκων καὶ σκνιπῶν ἕνεκεν, ἵν’ ἐξίωσιν.
The woodpecker does not perch on the ground; he pecks at oak trees for the sake of grubs and insects, so that they may come out.
Ἀναλέγεται γὰρ ἐξελθόντας αὐτοὺς τῇ γλώττῃ· πλατεῖαν δ’ ἔχει καὶ μεγάλην.
For he gathers them with his tongue as they come out; and he has a flat and large tongue.
Καὶ πορεύεται ἐπὶ τοῖς δένδρεσι ταχέως πάντα τρόπον, καὶ ὕπτιος, καθάπερ οἱ ἀσκαλαβῶται.
He moves quickly on trees in every possible way, even upside down, just like geckos.
Ἔχει δὲ καὶ τοὺς ὄνυχας βελτίους τῶν κολοιῶν πεφυκότας πρὸς τὴν ἀσφάλειαν τῆς ἐπὶ τοῖς δένδρεσιν ἐφεδρείας· τούτους γὰρ ἐμπηγνὺς πορεύεται.
And he also has claws naturally better suited than those of jackdaws for the security of his perching on trees; for he moves by fixing these into the bark.
Ἔστι δὲ τῶν δρυοκολαπτῶν ἓν μὲν γένος ἔλαττον τοῦ κοττύφου, ἔχει δ’ ὑπέρυθρα μικρά, ἕτερον δὲ γένος μεῖζον ἢ κόττυφος.
There is one genus of woodpeckers smaller than the blackbird, which has small reddish patches; another genus is larger than the blackbird.
Τὸ δὲ τρίτον γένος αὐτῶν οὐ πολλῷ ἔλαττόν ἐστιν ἀλεκτορίδος θηλείας.
And their third genus is not much smaller than a domestic hen.
Νεοττεύει δ’ ἐπὶ τῶν δένδρων, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, ἐν ἄλλοις τε τῶν δένδρων καὶ ἐν ἐλαίαις.
He nests in trees, as has been said, both in other trees and in olives.
Βόσκεται δὲ τούς τε μύρμηκας καὶ τοὺς σκώληκας τοὺς ἐκ τῶν δένδρων.
He feeds on ants and the grubs that come out of trees.
Θηρεύοντα δὲ τοὺς σκώληκας οὕτω σφόδρα φασὶ κοιλαίνειν, ὥστε καταβάλλειν τὰ δένδρα.
And they say that when hunting grubs, he hollows out trees so intensely that he knocks them down.
Καὶ τιθασσευόμενος δέ τις ἤδη ἀμύγδαλον εἰς ῥωγμὴν ξύλου ἐνθείς, ὅπως ἐναρμοσθὲν ὑπομείνειεν αὐτοῦ τὴν πληγήν, ἐν τῇ τρίτῃ πληγῇ διέκοψε καὶ κατήσθιε τὸ μαλακόν.
Once a certain tamed woodpecker, having placed an almond in a crevice of wood so that it might fit in and withstand his blow, split it at the third blow and ate the soft part inside.
§9.10Φρόνιμα δὲ πολλὰ καὶ περὶ τὰς γεράνους δοκεῖ συμβαίνειν· ἐκτοπίζουσί τε γὰρ μακράν, καὶ εἰς ὕψος πέτονται πρὸς τὸ καθορᾶν τὰ πόρρω, καὶ ἐὰν ἴδωσι νέφη καὶ χειμέρια, καταπτᾶσαι ἡσυχάζουσιν.
Many intelligent habits also seem to occur in the case of cranes; for they travel to distant places, and fly high in order to look out over far distances, and if they see clouds and stormy weather, they fly down and remain quiet.
Ἔτι δὲ τὸ ἔχειν ἡγεμόνα τε καὶ τοὺς ἐπισυρίττοντας ἐν τοῖς ἐσχάτοις, ὥστε κατακούεσθαι τὴν φωνήν.
Furthermore, they have a leader as well as those who whistle in the rear so that their voice may be heard by all.
Ὅταν δὲ καθίζωνται, αἱ μὲν ἄλλαι ὑπὸ τῇ πτέρυγι τὴν κεφαλὴν ἔχουσαι καθεύδουσιν ἐπὶ ἑνὸς ποδὸς ἐναλλάξ, ὁ δ’ ἡγεμὼν γυμνὴν ἔχων τὴν κεφαλὴν προορᾷ, καὶ ὅταν αἴσθηταί τι, σημαίνει βοῶν.
When they settle down, the others sleep with their head under their wing, standing alternately on one foot, but the leader keeps his head bare and looks ahead, and when he perceives anything, he gives a signal by crying out.
Οἱ δὲ πελεκᾶνες οἱ ἐν τοῖς ποταμοῖς γινόμενοι καταπίνουσι τὰς μεγάλας κόγχας καὶ λείας· ὅταν δ’ ἐν τῷ πρὸ τῆς κοιλίας τόπῳ πέψωσιν, ἐξεμοῦσιν, ἵνα χασκουσῶν τὰ κρέα ἐξαιροῦντες ἐσθίωσιν.
Pelicans that live in rivers swallow large and smooth bivalve shells, and when they have warmed them in the region before the stomach, they vomit them up, so that they may extract and eat the meat from the gaping shells.
§9.11Τῶν δ’ ἀγρίων ὀρνέων αἵ τ’ οἰκήσεις μεμηχάνηνται πρὸς τοὺς βίους καὶ τὰς σωτηρίας τῶν τέκνων.
The dwellings of wild birds are contrived with a view to their lives and the safety of their offspring.
Εἰσὶ δ’ οἱ μὲν εὔτεκνοι αὐτῶν καὶ ἐπιμελεῖς τῶν τέκνων, οἱ δὲ τοὐναντίον, καὶ οἱ μὲν εὐμήχανοι πρὸς τὸν βίον, οἱ δ’ ἀμηχανώτεροι.
Some of them are prolific and careful of their young, while others are the opposite, and some are resourceful in making a living, while others are less resourceful.
Τὰς δ’ οἰκήσεις οἱ μὲν περὶ τὰς χαράδρας καὶ χηραμοὺς ποιοῦνται καὶ πέτρας, οἷον ὁ καλούμενος χαραδριός· ἔστι δ’ ὁ χαραδριὸς καὶ τὴν χρόαν καὶ τὴν φωνὴν φαῦλος, φαίνεται δὲ νύκτωρ, ἡμέρας δ’ ἀποδιδράσκει.
As for their dwellings, some build them in gullies, crevices, and rocks, such as the bird called charadrius; the charadrius is poor in both color and voice, and appears at night, but runs away by day.
Ἐν ἀποτόμοις δὲ καὶ ὁ ἱέραξ νεοττεύει· ὠμοφάγος δ’ ὤν, ὧν ἂν κρατήσῃ ὀρνέων, τὴν καρδίαν οὐ κατεσθίει· καὶ τοῦτό τινες ἑωράκασι καὶ ἐπ’ ὄρτυγος καὶ ἐπὶ κίχλης καὶ ἕτεροι ἐφ’ ἑτέρων.
The hawk also nests in steep cliffs; although he is a flesh-eater, he does not eat the heart of any birds he has subdued; and some have observed this in the case of the quail and the thrush, and others in other birds.
Ἔτι δὲ καὶ περὶ τὸ θηρεύειν μεταβάλλουσιν· οὐ γὰρ ἁρπάζουσιν ὁμοίως τοῦ θέρους.
Furthermore, they also change their way of hunting; for they do not seize prey in the same manner during summer.
Γυπὸς δὲ λέγεται ὑπό τινων ὡς οὐδεὶς ἑώρακεν οὔτε νεοττὸν οὔτε νεοττιάν· ἀλλὰ διὰ τοῦτο ἔφη Ἡρόδωρος ὁ Βρύσωνος τοῦ σοφιστοῦ πατὴρ ἀπό τινος αὐτὸς ἑτέρας εἶναι μετεώρου γῆς, τεκμήριον τοῦτο λέγων καὶ τὸ φαίνεσθαι ταχὺ πολλούς, ὅθεν δέ, μηδενὶ εἶναι δῆλον.
Regarding the vulture, it is said by some that no one has ever seen either a nestling or a nest; for this reason, Herodorus, the father of Bryson the sophist, declared that the vulture itself comes from some other high-altitude earth, giving as a proof of this both that many appear suddenly, and that it is clear to no one from where they come.
Τούτου δ’ αἴτιον ὅτι τίκτει ἐν πέτραις ἀπροσβάτοις· ἔστι δ’ οὐδὲ πολλαχοῦ ἐπιχώριος ὁ ὄρνις.
But the cause of this is that it lays eggs on inaccessible rocks; and the bird is not native to many places.
Τίκτει δ’ ἓν ᾠὸν ἢ δύο τὰ πλεῖστα.
It lays one egg, or at most two.
Ἔνιοι δὲ τῶν ὀρνίθων ἐν τοῖς ὄρεσι καὶ τῇ ὕλῃ κατοικοῦσιν, οἷον ἔποψ καὶ βρένθος· οὗτος δ’ ὁ ὄρνις εὐβίοτος καὶ ᾠδικός.
Some birds dwell in mountains and forests, such as the hoopoe and the brenthus; this latter bird is well-to-do and musical.
Ὁ δὲ τροχίλος καὶ λόχμας καὶ τρώγλας οἰκεῖ· δυσάλωτος δὲ καὶ δραπέτης καὶ τὸ ἦθος ἀσθενής, εὐβίοτος δὲ καὶ τεχνικός.
The trochilus dwells in bushes and holes; it is hard to catch, swift to flee, and weak in character, but well-to-do and ingenious.
Καλεῖται δὲ πρέσβυς καὶ βασιλεύς· διὸ καὶ τὸν ἀετὸν αὐτῷ φασὶ πολεμεῖν.
It is also called the elder and the king; wherefore they say that the eagle also wages war against it.