§9.50Μεταβάλλει δὲ τὰ ζῷα οὐ μόνον τὰς μορφὰς ἔνια καὶ τὸ ἦθος κατὰ τὰς ἡλικίας καὶ τὰς ὥρας, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐκτεμνόμενα.
And animals change not only their shapes and characters in some cases according to their ages and seasons, but also when they are castrated.
Ἐκτέμνεται δὲ τῶν ζῴων ὅσα ἔχει ὄρχεις.
Of animals, those that possess testicles are castrated.
Ἔχουσι δ’ οἱ μὲν ὄρνιθες τοὺς ὄρχεις ἐντὸς καὶ τὰ ᾠοτόκα τῶν τετραπόδων πρὸς τῇ ὀσφύϊ, τὰ δὲ ζῳοτόκα καὶ πεζὰ τὰ μὲν πλεῖστα ἐκτός, τὰ δ’ ἐντός, πάντα δὲ πρὸς τῷ τέλει τῆς γαστρός.
Birds have their testicles inside, and so do egg-laying quadrupeds near the loins; but of live-bearing and land animals, most have them outside, but some inside, yet all near the end of the belly.
Ἐκτέμνονται δ’ οἱ μὲν ὄρνιθες κατὰ τὸ οὐροπύγιον, καθ’ ὃ συμπίπτουσιν ὀχεύοντες· ἐνταῦθα γὰρ ἐὰν ἐπικαύσῃ τις δυσὶν ἢ τρισὶ σιδηρίοις, ἐὰν μὲν ἤδη τέλειον ὄντα, τό τε κάλλαιον ἔξωχρον γίνεται καὶ οὐκέτι κοκκύζει οὐδ’ ἐπιχειρεῖ ὀχεύειν, ἐὰν δ’ ἔτι νεοττὸν ὄντα, οὐδὲ γίνεται τούτων οὐδὲν αὐξανομένου.
Birds are castrated at the rump, where they touch one another when copulating; for if one burns them there with two or three branding irons, if they are already fully grown, the comb becomes pale and they no longer crow or attempt to mount; but if they are still chicks, none of these things happen to them as they grow.
Τὸν αὐτὸν δὲ τρόπον καὶ ἐπὶ ἀνθρώπων· ἐὰν μὲν γὰρ παῖδας ὄντας πηρώσῃ τις, οὔτε αἱ ὑστερογενεῖς ἐπιγίνονται τρίχες οὔτε ἡ φωνὴ μεταβάλλει, ἀλλ’ ὀξεῖα διατελεῖ·
And it is the same way with men; for if one mutilates them when they are children, the hair that grows later does not appear, nor does the voice change, but remains high-pitched.
ἂν δ’ ἤδη ἡβῶντας, αἱ μὲν ὑστερογενεῖς τρίχες ἀπολείπουσι πλὴν τῶν ἐπὶ τῆς ἥβης (αὗται δ’ ἐλάττους μέν, μένουσι δέ), αἱ δ’ ἐκ γενετῆς τρίχες οὐκ ἀπολείπουσιν· οὐδεὶς γὰρ γίνεται εὐνοῦχος φαλακρός.
But if they are already of pubertal age, the hair that grew later leaves them, except for that on the pubes (this becomes less, but remains), whereas the hair they had from birth does not leave them; for no eunuch becomes bald.
Μεταβάλλει δὲ καὶ ἡ φωνὴ ἐπὶ τῶν τετραπόδων τῶν ἐκτεμνομένων ἁπάντων εἰς τὸ θῆλυ.
The voice also changes to that of the female in all castrated quadrupeds.
Τὰ μὲν οὖν ἄλλα τετράποδα ἐὰν μὴ νέα ἐκτέμνηται, διαφθείρεται· ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν κάπρων μόνων οὐδὲν διαφέρει.
Indeed, the other quadrupeds, unless they are castrated when young, perish; but in the case of boars alone, it makes no difference.
Πάντα δὲ ἐὰν μὲν νέα ἐκτμηθῇ, μείζω γίνεται τῶν ἀτμήτων καὶ γλαφυρώτερα, ἐὰν δὲ καθεστηκότα ἤδη, οὐκέτι αὐξάνεται ἐπὶ πλεῖον.
And all animals, if they are castrated when young, become larger and sleeker than those uncastrated; but if they are already fully grown, they do not grow any further.
Οἱ δ’ ἔλαφοι ἐὰν μὲν μή πω τὰ κέρατα ἔχοντες διὰ τὴν ἡλικίαν ἐκτμηθῶσιν, οὐκέτι φύουσι κέρατα· ἐὰν δ’ ἔχοντας ἐκτέμῃ τις, τό τε μέγεθος ταὐτὸν μένει τῶν κεράτων, καὶ οὐκ ἀποβάλλουσιν.
And stags, if they are castrated when, due to their age, they do not yet have antlers, no longer grow antlers; but if one castrates them when they have them, the size of the antlers remains the same, and they do not shed them.
Οἱ μὲν οὖν μόσχοι ἐκτέμνονται ἐνιαύσιοι, εἰ δὲ μή, αἰσχίους γίνονται καὶ ἐλάττους·
Now, calves are castrated when they are one year old; otherwise, they become uglier and smaller.
οἱ δὲ δαμάλαι ἐκτέμνονται τὸν τρόπον τοῦτον· κατακλίνοντες καὶ ἀποτέμνοντες τῆς ὀσχέας κάτωθεν τοὺς ὄρχεις ἀποθλίβουσιν, εἶτα ἀναστέλλουσι τὰς ῥίζας ἄνω ὡς μάλιστα, καὶ τὴν τομὴν θριξὶ βύουσιν, ὅπως ὁ ἰχὼρ ῥέῃ ἔξω· καὶ ἐὰν φλεγμαίνῃ, κατακαύσαντες τὴν ὀσχέαν ἐπιπάττουσιν.
Young bulls are castrated in this manner: they lay them down and, cutting the scrotum from below, squeeze out the testicles, then they push the roots as far up as possible, and plug the incision with hair, so that the discharge may flow out; and if it becomes inflamed, they burn the scrotum and sprinkle powder on it.
Οἱ δ’ ἐνόρχαι τῶν βοῶν ἐὰν ἐκτμηθῶσι, τὸ φανερὸν συγγεννῶσιν.
If bulls with testicles are castrated, they can for a short time manifestly generate.
Ἐκτέμνεται δὲ καὶ ἡ καπρία τῶν θηλειῶν ὑῶν, ὥστε μηκέτι δεῖσθαι ὀχείας ἀλλὰ πιαίνεσθαι ταχέως.
The womb of female pigs is also castrated, so that they no longer require copulation but fatten quickly.
Ἐκτέμνεται δὲ νηστεύσασα δύο ἡμέρας, ὅταν κρεμάσωσι τῶν ὀπισθίων σκελῶν.
She is castrated after being kept fasting for two days, when they hang her up by the hind legs.
Τέμνουσι δὲ τὸ ἦτρον, ᾗ τοῖς ἄρρεσιν οἱ ὄρχεις μάλιστα φύονται· ἐνταῦθα γὰρ ἐπὶ ταῖς μήτραις ἐπιπέφυκεν ἡ καπρία, ἧς μικρὸν ἀποτέμνοντες συρράπτουσιν.
And they cut the lower belly where the testicles of the males chiefly grow; for there the ovaries are attached to the womb, a small part of which they cut off and then sew up.
Ἐκτέμνονται δὲ καὶ αἱ κάμηλοι αἱ θήλειαι, ὅταν εἰς πόλεμον χρῆσθαι αὐταῖς βούλωνται, ἵνα μὴ ἐν γαστρὶ λάβωσιν.
Female camels are also castrated when they wish to use them for war, so that they do not become pregnant.
Κέκτηνται δ’ ἔνιοι τῶν ἄνω καμήλους καὶ τρισχιλίας· θέουσι δὲ θᾶσσον τῶν Νισαίων ἵππων πολύ, ἐὰν θέωσι, διὰ τὸ μέγεθος τοῦ ὀρέγματος.
Some of the inhabitants of the upper country possess even as many as three thousand camels; and when they run, they run much faster than the Nisaean horses because of the size of their stride.
Ὅλως δὲ μακρότερα γίνεται τὰ ἐκτεμνόμενα ζῷα τῶν ἀτμήτων.
In general, castrated animals become longer than uncastrated ones.
Ὠφελοῦνται δὲ τὰ ζῷα καὶ χαίρουσι, καὶ μηρυκάζουσιν ὥσπερ ἐσθίοντα ὅσα μηρυκάζει.
And the animals benefit and thrive, and those that ruminate, ruminate just as if they were eating.
Μηρυκάζει δὲ τὰ μὴ ἀμφώδοντα, οἷον βόες καὶ πρόβατα καὶ αἶγες.
Those animals ruminate that do not have teeth in both jaws, such as oxen, sheep, and goats.
Ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν ἀγρίων οὐδέν πω συνῶπται, ὅσα μὴ συντρέφεται ἐνίοτε, οἷον ἔλαφος· αὕτη δὲ μηρυκάζει.
Of wild animals, none have yet been observed to ruminate, except those that are sometimes reared together with domestic ones, such as the stag; and this animal does ruminate.
Πάντα δὲ κατακείμενα μηρυκάζουσι μᾶλλον.
And they all ruminate more when lying down.
Μάλιστα δὲ τοῦ χειμῶνος μηρυκάζουσιν, τά τε κατ’ οἰκίαν τρεφόμενα σχεδὸν ἑπτὰ μῆνας τοῦτο ποιεῖ· τὰ δ’ ἀγελαῖα καὶ ἧττον καὶ ἐλάττονα χρόνον μηρυκάζει διὰ τὸ νέμεσθαι ἔξω.
They ruminate most in winter, and those reared at home do this for nearly seven months; while those in herds ruminate less and for a shorter time because they graze outside.
Μηρυκάζει δὲ καὶ τῶν ἀμφωδόντων ἔνια, οἷον οἵ τε μύες οἱ Ποντικοὶ καὶ οἱ ἰχθύες, καὶ ὃν καλοῦσιν ἔνιοι ἀπὸ τοῦ ἔργου μήρυκα.
Some of those with teeth in both jaws also ruminate, such as the Pontic mice and certain fish, and the one which some call the 'meryx' from its activity.
Ἔστι δὲ τὰ μὲν μακροσκελῆ τῶν ζῴων ὑγροκοίλια, τὰ δ’ εὐρυστήθη ἐμετικὰ μᾶλλον, καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν τετραπόδων καὶ ἐπ’ ὀρνίθων καὶ ἐπ’ ἀνθρώπων ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολύ.
And long-legged animals are loose-bellied, while those with broad chests are more prone to vomit, and this is generally true for quadrupeds, birds, and men.