§9.44Περὶ δὲ τὰ ἤθη τῶν ζῴων, ὥσπερ εἴρηται καὶ πρότερον, ἔστι θεωρῆσαι διαφορὰς πρὸς ἀνδρίαν μὲν μάλιστα καὶ δειλίαν, ἔπειτα καὶ πρὸς πραότητα καὶ ἀγριότητα καὶ αὐτῶν τῶν ἀγρίων.
Concerning the characters of animals, as has been said before, it is possible to observe differences especially in regard to courage and cowardice, and next in regard to mildness and fierceness, even among the fierce animals themselves.
Καὶ γὰρ ὁ λέων ἐν τῇ βρώσει μὲν χαλεπώτατός ἐστι, μὴ πεινῶν δὲ καὶ βεβρωκὼς πραότατος.
For indeed, the lion is extremely violent while eating, but when not hungry and having eaten, he is extremely mild.
Ἔστι δὲ τὸ ἦθος οὐχ ὑπόπτης οὐδενὸς οὐδ’ ὑφορώμενος οὐδέν, πρός τε τὰ σύντροφα καὶ συνήθη σφόδρα φιλοπαίγμων καὶ στερκτικός.
His character is not suspicious of anything nor looking askance at anything, and towards those reared with him and familiar to him, he is exceedingly playful and affectionate.
Ἐν δὲ ταῖς θήραις ὁρώμενος μὲν οὐδέποτε φεύγει οὐδὲ πτήσσει, ἀλλ’ ἐὰν καὶ διὰ πλῆθος ἀναγκασθῇ τῶν θηρευόντων ὑπαγαγεῖν βάδην ὑποχωρεῖ καὶ κατὰ σκέλος, κατὰ βραχὺ ἐπιστρεφόμενος· ἐὰν μέντοι ἐπιλάβηται δασέος, φεύγει ταχέως, ἕως ἂν καταστῇ εἰς φανερόν· τότε δὲ πάλιν ὑπάγει βάδην.
In hunting, indeed, when he is observed, he never flees nor cowers, but even if he is forced by the multitude of hunters to retreat, he withdraws at a walk and step by step, turning back little by little; if, however, he reaches thick cover, he flees quickly until he comes into the open; then he again retreats at a walk.
Ἐν δὲ τοῖς ψιλοῖς ἐάν ποτ’ ἀναγκασθῇ εἰς φανερὸν διὰ τὸ πλῆθος φεύγειν, τρέχει κατατείνας καὶ οὐ πηδᾷ.
In open ground, if he is ever forced to flee in the open because of the multitude, he runs at a stretch and does not leap.
Τὸ δὲ δρόμημα συνεχῶς ὥσπερ κυνός ἐστι κατατεταμένον· διώκων μέντοι ἐπιρρίπτει ἑαυτόν, ὅταν ᾖ πλησίον.
His running is continuously stretched, just like that of a dog; when pursuing, however, he throws himself upon the prey when he is close.
Ἀληθῆ δὲ καὶ τὰ λεγόμενα, τό τε φοβεῖσθαι μάλιστα τὸ πῦρ, ὥσπερ καὶ Ὅμηρος ἐποίησεν
καιόμεναί τε δεταί, τάς τε τρεῖ ἐσσύμενός περ,
καὶ τὸ τὸν βαλόντα τηρήσαντα ἵεσθαι ἐπὶ τοῦτον· ἐὰν δέ τις βάλλῃ μὲν μή, ἐνοχλῇ δὲ αὐτόν, ἐὰν ἐπαΐξας συλλάβῃ, ἀδικεῖ μὲν οὐδὲν οὐδὲ βλάπτει τοῖς ὄνυξι, σείσας δὲ καὶ φοβήσας ἀφίησι πάλιν.
True also are the things said of him, namely, that he fears fire most of all, just as Homer also wrote: 'and burning torches, which he dreads, though he be eager,' and that he watches for the one who threw at him and rushes upon him; and if anyone does not throw, but merely annoys him, if he leaps upon and catches him, he does no harm nor injures him with his claws, but having shaken and frightened him, he lets him go again.
Πρὸς δὲ τὰς πόλεις ἔρχονται μάλιστα καὶ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἀδικοῦσιν, ὅταν γένωνται πρεσβῦται, διά τε τὸ γῆρας ἀδύνατοι θηρεύειν ὄντες καὶ διὰ τὸ πεπονηκέναι τοὺς ὀδόντας.
They come to the cities especially and do harm to humans when they grow old, being unable to hunt because of old age and because their teeth have become worn out.
Ἔτη δὲ ζῶσι πολλά, καὶ ὁ ληφθεὶς λέων χωλὸς πολλοὺς τῶν ὀδόντων εἶχε κατεαγότας, ᾧ τεκμηρίῳ ἐχρῶντό τινες ὅτι πόλλ’ ἔτη ζῶσιν· τοῦτο γὰρ οὐκ ἂν συμπεσεῖν μὴ πολυχρονίῳ ὄντι.
They live for many years, and a certain captured lion that was lame had many of his teeth broken, which some used as a proof that they live for many years; for this would not have happened to one that was not long-lived.
Γένη δ’ ἐστὶ λεόντων δύο· τούτων δ’ ἐστὶ τὸ μὲν στρογγυλώτερον καὶ οὐλοτριχώτερον δειλότερον, τὸ δὲ μακρότερον καὶ εὐθύτριχον ἀνδρειότερον.
There are two kinds of lions: of these, the rounder and more curly-haired is more cowardly, while the longer and straight-haired is more courageous.
Φεύγουσι δ’ ἐνίοτε κατατείναντες τὴν κέρκον ὥσπερ κύνες.
Sometimes they flee stretching out their tails like dogs.
Ἤδη δ’ ὦπται λέων καὶ ὑῒ ἐπιτίθεσθαι μέλλων, καὶ ὡς εἶδεν ἀντιφρίξαντα, φεύγων.
And already a lion has been seen about to attack a wild boar, and when he saw it bristle in resistance, he fled.
Ἔστι δὲ πρὸς τὰς πληγὰς εἰς μὲν τὰ κοῖλα ἀσθενής, κατὰ δὲ τὸ ἄλλο σῶμα δέχεται πολλὰς καὶ κεφαλὴν ἔχει ἰσχυράν.
Regarding blows, he is weak in the hollow parts, but in the rest of his body he receives many and has a strong head.
Ὅσα δ’ ἂν δάκῃ ἢ τοῖς ὄνυξιν ἑλκώσῃ, ἐκ τῶν ἑλκῶν ἰχῶρες ῥέουσιν ὠχροὶ σφόδρα καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἐπιδέσμων καὶ σπόγγων ὑπ’ οὐδενὸς δυνάμενοι ἐκκλύζεσθαι· ἡ δὲ θεραπεία ἡ αὐτὴ καὶ τῶν κυνοδήκτων ἑλκῶν.
Whatever he bites or wounds with his claws, from these wounds flows a very yellow serum, which cannot be washed out of bandages and sponges by anything; and the treatment is the same as that for dog-bitten wounds.
Φιλάνθρωποι δ’ εἰσὶ καὶ οἱ θῶες, καὶ οὔτ’ ἀδικοῦσι τοὺς ἀνθρώπους οὔτε φοβοῦνται σφόδρα, πολεμοῦσι δὲ τοῖς κυσὶ καὶ τοῖς λέουσιν· διὸ ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ τόπῳ οὐ γίνονται.
Jackals are also friendly to humans, and they neither harm humans nor fear them greatly, but they fight with dogs and lions; therefore they do not live in the same place.
Ἄριστοι δ’ οἱ μικροὶ τῶν θώων.
The small among the jackals are the best.
Γένη δ’ αὐτῶν οἱ μέν φασιν εἶναι δύο, οἱ δὲ τρία· οὐ δοκεῖ δὲ πλείω εἶναι, ἀλλ’ ὥσπερ τῶν ἰχθύων καὶ τῶν ὀρνέων καὶ τῶν τετραπόδων ἔνια, καὶ οἱ θῶες μεταβάλλουσι κατὰ τὰς ὥρας, καὶ τό τε χρῶμα ἕτερον τοῦ χειμῶνος καὶ τοῦ θέρους ἴσχουσι, καὶ τοῦ μὲν θέρους λεῖοι γίνονται τοῦ δὲ χειμῶνος δασεῖς.
Some say there are two kinds of them, and others say three; but there do not seem to be more, but just as some of the fishes, birds, and quadrupeds do, jackals also change according to the seasons, and they have a different color in winter and in summer, and in summer they become smooth, but in winter they become shaggy.