§9.42αἱ δ’ ἀνθρῆναι ζῶσι μὲν οὐκ ἀνθολογούμεναι ὥσπερ αἱ μέλιτται, ἀλλὰ τὰ πολλὰ σαρκοφαγοῦσαι (διὸ καὶ περὶ τὴν κόπρον διατρίβουσιν· θηρεύουσι γὰρ τὰς μεγάλας μυίας, καὶ ὅταν καταλάβωσιν, ἀφελοῦσαι τὴν κεφαλὴν ἀποπέτονται φέρουσαι τὸ σῶμα τὸ λοιπόν), ἅπτονται δὲ καὶ τῆς γλυκείας ὀπώρας.
Hornets do not live by gathering honey from flowers as bees do, but for the most part by eating flesh (wherefore they also spend their time around dung; for they hunt large flies, and when they catch them, they cut off the head and fly away carrying the rest of the body); they also lay hold of sweet fruit.
Τροφῇ μὲν οὖν χρῶνται τῇ εἰρημένῃ, ἔχουσι δ’ ἡγεμόνας ὥσπερ αἱ μέλιτται καὶ οἱ σφῆκες· καὶ οἱ ἡγεμόνες οὗτοι μείζονές εἰσι τῷ μεγέθει κατὰ λόγον πρὸς τὰς ἀνθρήνας ἢ ὁ τῶν σφηκῶν πρὸς τοὺς σφῆκας καὶ ὁ τῶν μελιττῶν πρὸς τὰς μελίττας.
Thus, they use the food mentioned, and they have leaders just like bees and wasps; and these leaders are larger in size in proportion to the hornets than that of wasps to wasps and that of bees to bees.
Διατρίβει δ’ ἔσω καὶ οὗτος, ὥσπερ ὁ τῶν σφηκῶν ἡγεμών.
And this leader also remains inside, just like the leader of wasps.
Ποιοῦσι δὲ τὸ σμῆνος ὑπὸ γῆν αἱ ἀνθρῆναι, ἐκφέρουσαι τὴν γῆν ὥσπερ οἱ μύρμηκες· ἀφεσμὸς γάρ, ὥσπερ τῶν μελιττῶν, οὐ γίνεται οὔτε τούτων οὔτε τῶν σφηκῶν, ἀλλ’ ἀεὶ ἐπιγινόμεναι νεώτεραι αὐτοῦ μένουσι καὶ τὸ σμῆνος μεῖζον ποιοῦσιν ἐκφέρουσαι τὸν χοῦν.
Hornets build their nest under the ground, carrying out the earth just like ants; for swarming, such as occurs with bees, does not happen either with these or with wasps, but the younger ones constantly arising remain there and make the nest larger by carrying out the soil.
Γίνεται δὲ μεγάλα τὰ σμήνη· ἤδη γὰρ εὐθηνοῦντος σμήνους κόφινοι τρεῖς καὶ τέτταρες ἐξῄρηνται κηρίων.
And the nests become large; indeed, from a flourishing nest, three or four baskets of combs have sometimes been taken out.
Ὀὐδὲ τροφὴν δ’, ὥσπερ αἱ μέλιτται, ἀποτίθενται, ἀλλὰ φωλεύουσι τὸν χειμῶνα, αἱ δὲ πλεῖσται ἀποθνήσκουσιν· εἰ δὲ καὶ πᾶσαι, οὔπω δῆλον.
Nor do they store up food like bees, but they hibernate during the winter, and most of them die; but whether all of them do, is not yet clear.
Οἱ δ’ ἡγεμόνες πλείους ἑνὸς οὐ γίνονται ἐν τοῖς σμήνεσιν, ὥσπερ ἐν τοῖς τῶν μελιττῶν, οἳ διασπῶσι τὰ σμήνη τῶν μελιττῶν.
And there is never more than one leader in their nests, unlike in those of bees, who split the swarms of bees.
Ὅταν δὲ πλανηθῶσί τινες τῶν ἀνθρηνῶν ἀπὸ τοῦ σμήνους, συστραφεῖσαι πρός τινα ὕλην ποιοῦσι κηρία, οἷάπερ καὶ ὁρᾶται ἐπιπολῆς ὄντα πολλάκις, καὶ ἐν τούτῳ ἐργάζονται ἡγεμόνα ἕνα· οὗτος δ’ ἐπὰν ἐξέλθῃ καὶ αὐξήσῃ, ἀπάγει λαβὼν καὶ κατοικίζει μεθ’ αὑτοῦ εἰς σμῆνος.
But when some of the hornets wander away from the nest, they cluster together around some wood and make combs, such as are often seen on the surface, and in this they rear one leader; and when this leader comes out and grows, he leads them away and settles them with himself into a nest.
Περὶ δ’ ὀχείας τῶν ἀνθρηνῶν οὐδὲν ὦπταί πω, οὐδὲ πόθεν γίνεται ὁ γόνος.
Concerning the copulation of hornets, nothing has yet been observed, nor from where their offspring comes.
Ἐν μὲν οὖν ταῖς μελίτταις ἄκεντροί εἰσι καὶ οἱ κηφῆνες καὶ οἱ βασιλεῖς, καὶ τῶν σφηκῶν ἔνιοι ἄκεντροί εἰσι, καθάπερ εἴρηται πρότερον· αἱ δ’ ἀνθρῆναι πᾶσαι φαίνονται κέντρον ἔχουσαι.
Now among bees, both the drones and the kings are stingless, and some of the wasps are stingless, as was said before; but the hornets all appear to have stings.
Ἐπισκεπτέον δὲ μᾶλλον καὶ περὶ τοῦ ἡγεμόνος, εἰ κέντρον ἔχει ἢ μή.
It must, however, be further investigated concerning the leader, whether he has a sting or not.
§9.43Οἱ δὲ βομβύλιοι τίκτουσιν ὑπὸ πέτρας ἐπ’ αὐτῆς τῆς γῆς, θυρίσι δυσὶν ἢ μικρῷ πλείοσιν· εὑρίσκεται δὲ καὶ μέλιτος ἀρχὴ φαύλου τινὸς ἐν τούτοις.
Bumblebees lay their eggs under rocks, on the ground itself, in nests with two or slightly more openings; and in these is also found the beginning of a certain poor kind of honey.
Ἡ δὲ τενθρηδὼν προσεμφερὴς μέν ἐστι τῇ ἀνθρήνῃ, ποικίλον δέ, καὶ τὸ πλάτος ὅμοιον τῇ μελίττῃ· λίχνον δ’ ὂν καὶ πρὸς τὰ μαγειρεῖα καὶ τοὺς ἰχθύας καὶ τὴν τοιαύτην ἀπόλαυσιν κατὰ μόνας προσπέταται· ἐκτίκτει δὲ κατὰ γῆς ὥσπερ οἱ σφῆκες, πολύχουν δ’ ἐστί, καὶ τὸ τενθρήνιον αὐτῶν πολὺ μεῖζον ἢ τῶν σφηκῶν καὶ προμηκέστερον.
The tenthredon is similar to the hornet, but is variegated, and its width is like that of the bee; being greedy, it flies alone toward kitchens, fish, and such delicacies; and it nests underground like wasps, throwing up much earth, and their nest is much larger and more oblong than that of wasps.
Τὰ μὲν οὖν περὶ τὴν τῶν μελιττῶν καὶ τῶν σφηκῶν καὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν τοιούτων ἐργασίαν καὶ τὸν βίον τοῦτον ἔχει τὸν τρόπον.
Such, then, is the character of the work and life of bees, wasps, and other such creatures.