§9.40#4Τὰ δὲ νοσήματα ἐμπίπτει μάλιστα εἰς τὰ εὐθηνοῦντα τῶν σμηνῶν, ὅ τε καλούμενος κλῆρος· τοῦτο γίνεται ἐν τῷ ἐδάφει σκωλήκια μικρά, ἀφ’ ὧν αὐξανομένων ὥσπερ ἀράχνια κατίσχει ὅλον τὸ σμῆνος, καὶ σήπεται τὰ κηρία· ἄλλο δὲ νόσημα οἷον ἀργία τις γίνεται τῶν μελιττῶν καὶ δυσωδία τῶν σμηνῶν.
Diseases fall especially upon the flourishing hives, including the so-called klēros; this consists of small worms produced on the floor, from which, as they grow, webs like spider-webs cover the whole hive, and the combs rot; another disease is a kind of laziness of the bees and an offensive odor of the hives.
Νομὴ δὲ τῶν μελιττῶν τὸ θύμον· ἄμεινον δὲ τὸ λευκὸν τοῦ ἐρυθροῦ.
The pasture of the bees is thyme; the white is better than the red.
Τόπος δ’ ἐν τῷ πνίγει μὴ ἀλεεινός, ἐν δὲ τῷ χειμῶνι ἀλεεινός.
The place should not be hot in the oppressive summer heat, but warm in the winter.
Νοσοῦσι δὲ μάλιστα, ὅταν ἐρυσιβώδη ἐργάζωνται ὕλην.
They are most diseased when they work on material affected by mildew.
Ὅταν δ’ ἄνεμος ᾖ μέγας, φέρουσι λίθον ἐφ’ ἑαυταῖς ἕρμα πρὸς τὸ πνεῦμα.
When the wind is strong, they carry a stone on themselves as a ballast against the wind.
Πίνουσι δ’, ἂν μὲν ᾖ ποταμὸς πλησίον, οὐδαμόθεν ἄλλοθεν ἢ ἐντεῦθεν, θέμεναι τὸ ἄχθος πρῶτον· ἐὰν δὲ μὴ ᾖ, ἑτέρωθεν πίνουσαι ἀνεμοῦσι τὸ μέλι, καὶ εὐθὺς ἐπ’ ἔργον πορεύονται.
They drink, if a river is nearby, from nowhere else than there, having first laid down their burden; but if there is not, drinking from elsewhere they vomit the honey, and straightway go to work.
Τῇ δὲ τοῦ μέλιτος ἐργασίᾳ διττοὶ καιροί εἰσίν, ἔαρ καὶ μετόπωρον· ἥδιον δὲ καὶ λευκότερον καὶ τὸ σύνολον κάλλιόν ἐστι τὸ ἐαρινὸν τοῦ μετοπωρινοῦ.
There are two seasons for the making of honey, spring and autumn; the spring honey is sweeter and whiter and on the whole more beautiful than the autumn.
Μέλι δὲ κάλλιον γίνεται ἐκ νέου κηροῦ καὶ ἐκ μόσχου· τὸ δὲ πυρρὸν αἴσχιον διὰ τὸ κηρίον· διαφθείρεται γὰρ ὥσπερ οἶνος ὑπ’ ἀγγείου· διὸ δεῖ ξηραίνειν αὐτό.
Honey becomes more beautiful from new comb and from young shoots; the reddish is less attractive because of the comb, for it is spoiled just as wine is by its vessel; therefore it is necessary to dry it.
Ὅταν δὲ τὸ θύμον ἀνθῇ καὶ πλῆρες γίνηται τὸ κηρίον, οὐ πήγνυται τοῦτο.
When the thyme is in bloom and the comb is full, this does not congeal.
Ἔστι δὲ καλὸν τὸ χρυσοειδές· τὸ δὲ λευκὸν οὐκ ἐκ θύμου εἰλικρινοῦς, ἀγαθὸν δὲ πρὸς ὀφθαλμοὺς καὶ ἕλκη.
The golden-colored is beautiful; the white is not from pure thyme, but is good for the eyes and wounds.
Τοῦ δὲ μέλιτος τὸ μὲν ἀσθενὲς ἀεὶ ἄνω ἐπιπολάζει, ὃ δεῖ ἀφαιρεῖν, τὸ δὲ καθαρὸν κάτω.
The weak part of the honey always floats to the top, which must be removed, and the pure remains below.
Ὅταν δ’ ἡ ὕλη ἀνθῇ, κηρὸν ἐργάζονται· διὸ ἐκ τοῦ σίμβλου τότ’ ἐξαιρετέον τὸν κηρόν· ἐργάζονται γὰρ εὐθύς.
When the material is in bloom, they make wax; therefore the wax should then be removed from the hive, for they work at once.
Ἀφ’ ὧν δὲ φέρουσιν, ἔστι τάδε, ἀτρακτυλλίς, μελίλωτον, ἀσφόδελος, μυρρίνη, φλεώς, ἄγνος, σπάρτον.
The things from which they carry are these: distaff-thistle, melilot, asphodel, myrtle, wild bulrush, chaste tree, broom.
Ὅταν δὲ τὸ θύμον ἐργάζωνται, ὕδωρ μιγνύουσι πρὶν τὸ κηρίον καταλείφειν.
When they work from thyme, they mix water before sealing the comb.
Ἀφοδεύουσι δ’ αἱ μέλιτται πᾶσαι ἢ ἀποπετόμεναι, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, ἢ εἰς ἓν κηρίον.
All bees defecate either while flying, as has been said, or into a single comb.
Εἰσὶ δ’ αἱ μικραὶ ἐργάτιδες μᾶλλον τῶν μεγάλων, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, ἔχουσι δὲ τὰ πτερὰ περιτετριμμένα καὶ χροιὰν μέλαιναν, καὶ ἐπικεκαυμέναι· αἱ δὲ φαναὶ καὶ λαμπραί, ὥσπερ γυναῖκες ἀργαί.
The small ones are better workers than the large ones, as has been said, and they have their wings worn down and their color dark, and look scorched; but the bright and shiny ones are like lazy women.
Δοκοῦσι δὲ χαίρειν αἱ μέλιτται καὶ τῷ κρότῳ, διὸ καὶ κροτοῦντές φασιν ἀθροίζειν αὐτὰς εἰς τὸ σμῆνος ὀστράκοις τε καὶ ψήφοις· ἔστι μέντοι ἄδηλον ὅλως εἰ ἀκούουσιν, καὶ πότερον δι’ ἡδονὴν τοῦτο ποιοῦσιν ἢ διὰ φόβον.
Bees seem to rejoice also in noise, wherefore people say they gather them into the hive by making a noise with potsherds and pebbles; however, it is entirely unclear whether they hear, and whether they do this through pleasure or through fear.
Ἐξελαύνουσι δὲ καὶ τὰς ἀργὰς αἱ μέλιτται καὶ τὰς μὴ φειδομένας.
Bees also expel the lazy ones and those that are not thrifty.
Διῄρηνται δὲ τὰ ἔργα, ὥσπερ εἴρηται πρότερον, καὶ αἱ μὲν κηρία ἐργάζονται, αἱ δὲ τὸ μέλι, αἱ δ’ ἐριθάκην· καὶ αἱ μὲν πλάττουσι κηρία, αἱ δὲ ὕδωρ φέρουσιν εἰς τοὺς κυττάρους καὶ μιγνύουσι τῷ μέλιτι, αἱ δ’ ἐπ’ ἔργον ἔρχονται.
Their works are divided, as has been said before, and some work the combs, others the honey, others the bee-bread; and some shape the combs, others carry water into the cells and mix it with the honey, and others go to work.
Ὄρθριαι δὲ σιωπῶσιν, ἕως ἂν μία ἐγείρῃ βομβήσασα δὶς ἢ τρίς· τότε δ’ ἐπ’ ἔργον ἀθρόαι πέτονται, καὶ ἐλθοῦσαι πάλιν θορυβοῦσι τὸ πρῶτον, κατὰ μικρὸν δ’ ἧττον, ἕως ἂν μία περιπετομένη βομβήσῃ, ὥσπερ σημαίνουσα καθεύδειν· εἶτ’ ἐξαπίνης σιωπῶσιν.
In the morning they are silent until one arouses them by buzzing twice or thrice; then they fly in crowds to work, and having returned, they at first make a noise, then gradually less, until one flying around buzzes, as if signaling them to sleep; then suddenly they are silent.
Διαγινώσκεται δ’ ἰσχύειν τὸ σμῆνος τῷ τὸν ψόφον εἶναι πολὺν καὶ κινεῖσθαι ἐξιούσας καὶ εἰσιούσας· τότε γὰρ σχαδόνας ἐργάζονται.
It is recognized that the hive is strong by the noise being great and by their movement in going out and coming in; for then they work the grubs.
Πεινῶσι δὲ μάλισθ’ ἡνίκ’ ἂν ἄρχωνται ἐκ τοῦ χειμῶνος.
They are hungriest when they begin from the winter.
Ἀργότεραι δὲ γίνονται, ἐὰν πλεῖόν τις καταλίπῃ μέλι βλίττων· ἀλλὰ δεῖ πρὸς τὸ πλῆθος καταλείπειν τὰ κηρία· ἀθυμότερον δ’ ἐργάζονται κἂν ἐλάττω καταλειφθῇ.
They become lazier if one leaves more honey when harvesting; but one must leave combs according to the population; they work with less spirit even if less is left.
Ἀργότεραι δὲ γίνονται κἂν μέγα τὸ κυψέλιον ᾖ· ἀθυμότερον γὰρ πονοῦσιν.
They also become lazier if the hive is large; for they toil with less spirit.
Βλίττεται δὲ σμῆνος χοᾶ ἢ τρία ἡμίχοα, τὰ δ’ εὐθηνοῦντα δύο χοᾶς ἢ πέντε ἡμίχοα· τρεῖς δὲ χοᾶς ὀλίγα.
From a hive is harvested one chous or three hemi-choa, and from the flourishing ones two choes or five hemi-choa; three choes from a few.
Πολέμιον δὲ πρόβατον ταῖς μελίτταις, καὶ οἱ σφῆκες, ὥσπερ εἴρηται καὶ πρότερον· θηρεύουσι δὲ τούτους καὶ οἱ μελιττουργοί, λοπάδα τιθέντες καὶ κρέας εἰς αὐτὴν ἐμβάλλοντες· ὅταν δὲ πολλοὶ ἐμπίπτωσιν, ἐπὶ τὸ πῦρ πωμάσαντες ἐπιτιθέασιν.
The sheep is hostile to bees, and so are wasps, as has been said before; the bee-keepers also hunt these wasps, placing a dish and putting meat into it; when many fall in, they cover it and place it over the fire.
Κηφῆνες δ’ ὀλίγοι ἐνόντες ὠφελοῦσι τὸ σμῆνος· ἐργατικωτέρας γὰρ ποιοῦσι τὰς μελίττας.
A few drones being inside help the hive, for they make the bees more industrious.
Προγινώσκουσι δὲ καὶ χειμῶνα καὶ ὕδωρ αἱ μέλιτται· σημεῖον δέ, οὐκ ἀποπέτονται γὰρ ἀλλ’ ἐν τῇ εὐδίᾳ αὐτοῦ ἀνειλοῦνται, ᾧ γινώσκουσιν οἱ μελιττουργοὶ ὅτι χειμῶνα προσδέχονται.
Bees also foresee winter and rain; and the sign is that they do not fly away but hover on the spot in fair weather, by which the bee-keepers know that they expect winter.
Ὅταν δὲ κρέμωνται ἐξ ἀλλήλων ἐν τῷ σμήνει, σημεῖον γίνεται τοῦτο ὅτι ἀπολείψει τὸ σμῆνος.
When they hang from one another in the hive, this becomes a sign that the hive will abandon the place.
Ἀλλὰ καταφυσῶσι τὸ σμῆνος οἴνῳ γλυκεῖ ὁ μελιττουργοί, ὅταν τοῦτ’ αἴσθωνται.
But the bee-keepers blow sweet wine into the hive when they perceive this.
Φυτεύειν δὲ συμφέρει περὶ τὰ σμήνη ἀχράδας, κυάμους, πόαν Μηδικήν, Συρίαν, ὤχρους, μυρρίνην, μήκωνα, ἕρπυλλον, ἀμυγδαλῆν.
It is beneficial to plant around the hives wild pears, beans, alfalfa, Syrian grass, peas, myrtle, poppy, wild thyme, and almonds.
Γινώσκουσι δέ τινες τῶν μελιττουργῶν τὰς ἑαυτῶν ἐν τῷ νομῷ ἄλευρα καταπάσαντες.
Some bee-keepers recognize their own bees in the pasture by sprinkling flour.
Ἐὰν δ’ ἔαρ ὄψιον γένηται ἢ αὐχμός, καὶ ὅταν ἐρυσίβη, ἔλαττον ἐργάζονται αἱ μέλιτται τὸν γόνον.
If the spring is late or there is drought, and when there is mildew, the bees work less on the offspring.
Τὰ μὲν οὖν περὶ τὰς μελίττας τοῦτον ἔχει τὸν τρόπον,
These matters, then, concerning bees are in this manner.