§9.40#1Ἔστι δέ τι γένος τῶν ἐντόμων, ὃ ἑνὶ μὲν ὀνόματι ἀνώνυμόν ἐστιν, ἔχει δὲ πάντα τὴν μορφὴν συγγενικήν· ἔστι δὲ ταῦτα ὅσα κηριοποιά, οἷον μέλιτται καὶ τὰ παραπλήσια τὴν μορφήν.
There is a certain class of insects which is anonymous under a single name, but all of them have a related form; these are all those that make honeycombs, such as bees and things similar to them in form.
Τούτων δ’ ἐστὶ γένη ἐννέα, ὧν τὰ μὲν ἓξ ἀγελαῖα, μέλιττα, βασιλεῖς τῶν μελιττῶν, κηφὴν ὁ ἐν ταῖς μελίτταις, σφὴξ ὁ ἐπέτειος, ἔτι δ’ ἀνθρήνη καὶ τενθρηδών· μοναδικὰ δὲ τρία, σειρὴν ὁ μικρός, φαιός, ἄλλος σειρὴν ὁ μείζων, ὁ μέλας καὶ ποικίλος, τρίτος δ’ ὁ καλούμενος βομβύλιος, μέγιστος τούτων.
Of these there are nine classes, of which six are gregarious: the bee, the kings of the bees, the drone among the bees, the annual wasp, and furthermore the anthrene and the tenthredon; and three are solitary: the small seiren, which is grey, another larger seiren, which is black and speckled, and thirdly the one called bombylios, the largest of these.
Οἱ μὲν οὖν μύρμηκες θηρεύουσι μὲν οὐδέν, τὰ δὲ πεποιημένα συλλέγουσιν· οἱ δ’ ἀράχναι ποιοῦσι μὲν οὐδὲν οὐδ’ ἀποτίθενται, θηρεύουσι δὲ μόνον τὴν τροφήν· τῶν δ’ ἐννέα γενῶν τῶν εἰρημένων περὶ μὲν τῶν λοιπῶν ὕστερον λεχθήσεται, αἱ δὲ μέλιτται θηρεύουσι μὲν οὐδέν, αὐταὶ δὲ ποιοῦνται καὶ ἀποτίθενται· ἔστι γὰρ αὐταῖς τὸ μέλι τροφή.
Now, ants hunt nothing but collect what is already made; spiders make nothing and store nothing, but only hunt their food; of the nine classes mentioned, the rest will be discussed later, but bees hunt nothing, but they themselves make and store, for honey is food for them.
Δῆλον δὲ ποιοῦσιν, ὅταν τὰ κηρία ἐπιχειρῶσιν οἱ μελιττουργοὶ ἐξαιρεῖν· θυμιώμεναι γὰρ καὶ σφόδρα πονοῦσαι ὑπὸ τοῦ καπνοῦ τότε μάλιστα τὸ μέλι ἐσθίουσιν, ἐν δὲ τῷ ἄλλῳ χρόνῳ οὐ σφόδρα ὁρῶνται, ὡς φειδόμεναι καὶ ἀποτιθέμεναι τροφῆς χάριν.
And they make this clear when the bee-keepers attempt to remove the combs; for being fumigated and suffering greatly from the smoke, they then eat the honey most of all, while at other times they are not seen to eat much, as if sparing and storing it for the sake of food.
Ἔστι δ’ αὐταῖς καὶ ἄλλη τροφή, ἣν καλοῦσί τινες κήρινθον· ἔστι δὲ τοῦτο ὑποδεέστερον καὶ γλυκύτητα συκώδη ἔχον, κομίζουσι δὲ τοῦτο τοῖς σκέλεσι καθάπερ καὶ τὸν κηρόν.
They also have another food, which some call cerinthos; this is of an inferior quality and has a sweet taste like that of figs, and they carry this on their legs just as they do the wax.
Ἔστι δὲ περὶ τὴν ἐργασίαν αὐτῶν καὶ τὸν βίον πολλὴ. ποικιλία.
There is much variety in their work and their way of life.
Ἐπειδὰν γὰρ παραδοθῇ αὐταῖς καθαρὸν τὸ σμῆνος, οἰκοδομοῦσι τὰ κηρία, φέρουσαι τῶν τ’ ἄλλων ἀνθέων καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν δένδρων τὰ δάκρυα, ἰτέας τε καὶ πτελέας καὶ ἄλλων τῶν κολλωδεστάτων.
For when a clean hive is delivered to them, they build the combs, carrying tears from other flowers and from trees, such as willows and elms and other most sticky substances.
Τούτῳ δὲ καὶ τὸ ἔδαφος διαχρίουσι τῶν ἄλλων θηρίων ἕνεκεν· καλοῦσι δ’ οἱ μελιττουργοὶ τοῦτο κόνισιν.
With this they also smear the floor on account of other beasts; and the bee-keepers call this konisis.
Καὶ τὰς εἰσόδους δὲ παροικοδομοῦσιν, ἐὰν εὐρεῖαι ὦσιν.
They also build beside the entrances if they are wide.
Πλάττουσι δὲ κηρία πρῶτον ἐν οἷς αὐταὶ γίνονται, εἶτ’ ἐν οἷς οἱ καλούμενοι βασιλεῖς καὶ τὰ κηφήνια.
First they fashion the combs in which they themselves are produced, then those in which the so-called kings and the drones are produced.
Τὰ μὲν οὖν αὑτῶν ἀεὶ πλάττουσι, τὰ δὲ τῶν βασιλέων ὅταν ᾖ πολυγονία, τὰ δὲ κηφήνια ἐὰν μέλιτος ἀφθονία ἐπισημαίνῃ.
Now, they always fashion their own, but those of the kings when there is a great generation of young, and those of the drones if an abundance of honey is indicated.
Πλάττουσι δὲ τὰ μὲν τῶν βασιλέων πρὸς τοῖς αὑτῶν (μικρὰ δ’ ἐστὶ ταῦτα), τὰ δὲ κηφήνια πρὸς αὐτά· ἐλάττω δ’ ἐστὶ ταῦτα τῷ μεγέθει τῶν μελιττίων.
And they fashion those of the kings next to their own (these are small), and those of the drones next to them; but these are smaller in size than those of the bees.
Ἄρχονται δὲ τῶν ἱστῶν ἄνωθεν ἀπὸ τῆς ὀροφῆς τοῦ σμήνους, καὶ κάτω συνυφεῖς ποιοῦσιν ἕως τοῦ ἐδάφους ἱστοὺς πολλούς.
They begin the webs from above from the roof of the hive, and make many webs joined together downwards to the floor.
Αἱ δὲ θυρίδες καὶ αἱ τοῦ μέλιτος καὶ τῶν σχαδόνων ἀμφίστομοι· περὶ γὰρ μίαν βάσιν δύο θυρίδες εἰσίν, ὥσπερ ἡ τῶν ἀμφικυπέλλων, ἡ μὲν ἐντὸς ἡ δ’ ἐκτός.
The cells both for the honey and for the grubs are double-mouthed; for around one base there are two cells, like that of double cups, one inside and the other outside.
Αἱ δὲ περὶ τὰς ἀρχὰς τῶν κηρίων πρὸς τὰ σμήνη συνύφειαι, ὅσον ἐπὶ δύο ἢ τρεῖς στίχους κύκλῳ, βραχεῖαι καὶ κεναὶ μέλιτος· πληρέστερα δὲ τῶν κηρίων τὰ μάλιστα τῷ κηρῷ καταπεπλασμένα.
The connections near the beginnings of the combs to the hives, for about two or three rows around, are short and empty of honey; and those parts of the combs are most full which are especially plastered over with wax.
Περὶ δὲ τὸ στόμα τοῦ σμήνους τὸ μὲν πρῶτον τῆς εἰσδύσεως περιαλήλιπται μίτυϊ· τοῦτο δ’ ἐστὶ μέλαν ἱκανῶς, ὥσπερ ἀποκάθαρμ’ αὐταῖς τοῦ κηροῦ, καὶ τὴν ὀσμὴν δριμύ, φάρμακον δ’ ἐστὶ τυμμάτων καὶ τῶν τοιούτων ἐμπυημάτων· ἡ δὲ συνεχὴς ἀλοιφὴ τούτῳ πισσόκηρος, ἀμβλύτερον καὶ ἧττον φαρμακῶδες τῆς μίτυος.
Around the mouth of the hive, the very first part of the entrance is smeared with mitys; this is quite black, like a purification of the wax for them, and sharp in smell, and is a remedy for bruises and such suppurations; and the continuous ointment next to this is pissoceros, which is duller and less medicinal than mitys.
Λέγουσι δέ τινες τοὺς κηφῆνας κηρία μὲν πλάττειν καθ’ αὑτοὺς καὶ ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ σμήνει καὶ ἐν τῷ ἑνὶ κηρίῳ μεριζομένους πρὸς τὰς μελίττας, μελιττουργεῖν μέντοι οὐθέν, ἀλλὰ τρέφεσθαι τῷ τῶν μελιττῶν καὶ αὐτοὺς καὶ τοὺς νεοττούς.
And some say that the drones fashion combs by themselves in the same hive and in the same single comb, sharing the space with the bees, but they make no honey at all, but both they and their young are nourished by that of the bees.
Διατρίβουσι δ’ οἱ κηφῆνες τὰ μὲν πολλὰ ἔνδον, ἐὰν δ’ ἐκπετασθῶσι, προσφέρονται ῥύβδην ἄνω πρὸς τὸν οὐρανόν, ἐπιδινοῦντες αὑτοὺς καὶ ὥσπερ ἀπογυμνάζοντες· ὅταν δὲ τοῦτο δράσωσι, πάλιν εἰσελθόντες εὐωχοῦνται.
The drones spend most of their time inside, but if they fly out, they rise impetuously upwards to the sky, whirling themselves around and as if exercising; and when they have done this, they enter again and feast.
Οἱ δὲ βασιλεῖς οὐ πέτονται ἔξω, ἐὰν μὴ μετὰ ὅλου τοῦ ἐσμοῦ, οὔτ’ ἐπὶ βοσκὴν οὔτ’ ἄλλως.
The kings do not fly out, unless with the whole swarm, neither for pasture nor otherwise.
Φασὶ δὲ καὶ ἐὰν ἀποπλανηθῇ ὁ ἀφεσμός, ἀνιχνευούσας μεταθεῖν ἕως ἂν εὕρωσι τὸν ἡγεμόνα τῇ ὀσμῇ.
And they say that if the swarm goes astray, they track and run after him until they find the leader by the smell.
Λέγεται δὲ καὶ φέρεσθαι αὐτὸν ὑπὸ τοῦ ἐσμοῦ, ὅταν πέτεσθαι μὴ δύνηται· καὶ ἐὰν ἀπόληται, ἀπόλλυσθαι τὸν ἀφεσμόν· ἐὰν δ’ ἄρα χρόνον τινὰ διαμείνωσι καὶ κηρία ποιήσωσι, μέλι οὐκ ἐγγίνεσθαι καὶ αὐτὰς ταχὺ ἀπόλλυσθαι.
It is also said that he is carried by the swarm when he cannot fly; and if he perishes, the swarm perishes; and if indeed they survive for some time and make combs, no honey is produced and they themselves quickly perish.
Τὸν δὲ κηρὸν ἀναλαμβάνουσιν αἱ μέλισσαι ἀριχώμεναι πρὸς τὰ βρύα ὀξέως τοῖς ἔμπροσθεν ποσί· τούτους δ’ ἐκμάττουσιν εἰς τοὺς μέσους, τοὺς δὲ μέσους εἰς τὰ βλαισὰ τῶν ὀπισθίων· καὶ οὕτω γεμισθεῖσαι ἀποπέτονται, καὶ δῆλαί εἰσι βαρυνόμεναι.
The bees take up the wax by scraping quickly with their front feet against the moss; and they wipe these off onto the middle legs, and the middle legs onto the curved parts of the hind legs; and thus laden they fly away, and they are clearly heavy.
Καθ’ ἑκάστην δὲ πτῆσιν οὐ βαδίζει ἡ μέλιττα ἐφ’ ἕτερα τῷ εἴδει ἄνθη, οἷον ἀπὸ ἴου ἐπὶ ἴον, καὶ οὐ θιγγάνει ἄλλου γε, ἕως ἂν εἰς τὸ σμῆνος εἰσπετασθῇ.
On each flight the bee does not go to flowers of a different kind, but for instance from violet to violet, and does not touch any other until it flies into the hive.
Ὅταν δ’ εἰς τὸ σμῆνος ἀφίκωνται, ἀποσείονται, καὶ παρακολουθοῦσιν ἑκάστῃ τρεῖς ἢ τέτταρες.
And when they arrive at the hive, they shake themselves off, and three or four attend to each one.