§7.5Τὸ δὲ γάλα τὸ γινόμενον πρότερον τῶν ἑπτὰ μηνῶν ἄχρηστόν ἐστιν· ἀλλ’ ἅμα τά τε παιδία γόνιμα καὶ τὸ γάλα χρήσιμον.
The milk produced before seven months is useless; but at the same time the children become viable and the milk useful.
Τὸ δὲ πρῶτον καὶ ἁλμυρόν, ὥσπερ τοῖς προβάτοις.
The first milk is also salty, just as in sheep.
Μάλιστα δ’ ἐν ταῖς κυήσεσι τοῦ οἴνου αἰσθάνονται αἱ πλεῖσται· διαλύονταί τε γάρ, ἐὰν πίωσι, καὶ ἀδυνατοῦσιν.
Most women are especially sensitive to wine during pregnancies; for if they drink it, they become relaxed in body and grow weak.
Ἀρχὴ δὲ ταῖς γυναιξὶ τοῦ τεκνοῦσθαι καὶ τοῖς ἄρρεσι τοῦ τεκνοῦν, καὶ παῦλα ἀμφοτέροις, τοῖς μὲν ἡ τοῦ σπέρματος πρόεσις ταῖς δ’ ἡ τῶν καταμηνίων, πλὴν οὔτ’ ἀρχομένων γόνιμα εὐθὺς οὔτ’ ἔτι ὀλίγων γιγνομένων καὶ ἀσθενῶν.
The beginning of childbearing for women and of begetting for males, and the end for both, is: for males, the emission of semen, for women, that of the menses; except that neither when they begin are they immediately fertile, nor when they are already becoming few and weak.
Ἡλικία δὲ τῆς μὲν ἀρχῆς εἴρηται·
The age of the beginning has been stated.
παύεται δὲ ταῖς γυναιξὶ ταῖς μὲν πλείσταις τὰ καταμήνια περὶ τετταράκοντα ἔτη, αἷς δ’ ἂν ὑπερβάλῃ τὸν χρόνον τοῦτον, διαμένει μέχρι τῶν πεντήκοντα ἐτῶν, καὶ ἤδη τινὲς ἔτεκον· πλείω δὲ χρόνον οὐδεμία.
For most women, the menses cease around forty years; but for those for whom it exceeds this time, it continues up to fifty years, and some have already given birth at this age; but no woman does so for a longer time.
§7.6Οἱ δ’ ἄνδρες οἱ μὲν πλεῖστοι γεννῶσι μέχρι ἑξήκοντα ἐτῶν, ὅταν δ’ ὑπερβάλῃ ταῦτα, μέχρι ἑβδομήκοντα· καὶ ἤδη τινὲς γεγεννήκασιν ἑβδομήκοντα ἐτῶν ὄντες.
On the other hand, most men beget offspring up to sixty years, and when it exceeds this, up to seventy; and some have already begotten offspring being seventy years old.
Συμβαίνει δὲ πολλοῖς καὶ πολλαῖς γυναιξὶ καὶ ἀνδράσι μετ’ ἀλλήλων μὲν συνεζευγμένοις μὴ δύνασθαι τεκνοποιεῖσθαι, διαζευχθεῖσι δέ.
And it happens to many women and men, when coupled with one another, that they are unable to produce children, but when separated, they can.
Τὸ δ’ αὐτὸ συμβαίνει καὶ περὶ ἀρρενογονίας καὶ θηλυγονίας· ἐνίοτε γὰρ καὶ γυναῖκες καὶ ἄνδρες μετ’ ἀλλήλων μὲν ὄντες θηλυγόνοι εἰσὶν ἢ ἀρρενογόνοι, διεζευγμένοι δὲ γίνονται τοὐναντίον.
The same thing happens also regarding the begetting of males and females; for sometimes both women and men, while being together, are begetters of females or of males, but when separated, they become the opposite.
Καὶ κατὰ τὴν ἡλικίαν δὲ μεταβάλλουσιν· νέοι μὲν ὄντες μετ’ ἀλλήλων θήλεα γεννῶσι, πρεσβύτεροι δ’ ἄρρενα· τοῖς δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τούτων συμβαίνει τοὐναντίον.
And they change according to age: when they are young, they beget females with one another, but when they are older, males; but for some, the opposite happens even in these matters.
Καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ γεννᾶν δ’ ὅλως τὸ αὐτό· νέοις μὲν οὖσιν οὐθὲν γίνεται, πρεσβυτέροις δέ· οἱ δὲ τὸ πρῶτον, ὕστερον δὲ γεννῶσιν οὐδέν.
And regarding begetting in general, the same thing occurs: to some, when they are young, nothing is born, but when they are older it is; while others beget at first, but later beget nothing.
Εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ τῶν γυναικῶν τινὲς αἳ μόλις μὲν συλλαμβάνουσιν, ἐὰν δὲ συλλάβωσιν, ἐκφέρουσιν· αἱ δὲ τοὐναντίον συλλαμβάνουσι μὲν ῥᾳδίως, οὐ δύνανται δ’ ἐκφέρειν.
And there are some of the women who conceive with difficulty, but if they conceive, they carry to term; while others, on the contrary, conceive easily, but cannot carry to term.
Εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ ἄνδρες θηλυγόνοι καὶ γυναῖκες ἀρρενογόνοι, οἷον καὶ κατὰ τοῦ Ἡρακλέους μυθολογεῖται, ὃς ἐν δύο καὶ ἑβδομήκοντα τέκνοις θυγατέρα μίαν ἐγέννησεν.
There are also men who beget only females, and women who bear only males, just as is mythologized about Heracles, who among seventy-two children begot only one daughter.
Αἱ δὲ μὴ δυνάμεναι συλλαμβάνειν ἐὰν ἢ διὰ θεραπείαν συλλάβωσιν ἢ δι’ ἄλλην τινὰ σύμπτωσιν, ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ θηλυτοκοῦσι μᾶλλον ἢ ἀρρενοτοκοῦσιν.
And those who are unable to conceive, if they do conceive either through treatment or through some other coincidence, for the most part give birth to females rather than males.
Πολλοῖς δὲ συμβαίνει καὶ τῶν ἀνδρῶν δυναμένοις γεννᾶν ὕστερον μὴ δύνασθαι, καὶ πάλιν καθίστασθαι εἰς αὐτό.
And it happens to many of the men, though they are capable of begetting, later to be unable, and then again to be restored to the same state.
Γίνονται δὲ καὶ ἐξ ἀναπήρων ἀνάπηροι, οἷον ἐκ χωλῶν χωλοὶ καὶ τυφλῶν τυφλοί, καὶ ὅλως τὰ παρὰ φύσιν ἐοικότες πολλάκις, καὶ σημεῖα ἔχοντες συγγενῆ, οἷον φύματα καὶ οὐλάς.
Mutilated offspring are also born from mutilated parents, for example, lame from lame and blind from blind, and in general they are often like them in unnatural characteristics, and possess congenital marks, such as growths and scars.
Ἤδη δ’ ἀπέδωκε τῶν τοιούτων τι καὶ διὰ τριῶν, οἷον ἔχοντός τινος στίγμα ἐν τῷ βραχίονι ὁ μὲν υἱὸς οὐκ ἐγένετο ὁ δ’ υἱιδοῦς ἔχων ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ τόπῳ συγκεχυμένον μέλαν.
And already some such trait has reappeared even after three generations; for instance, a certain man having a brand-mark on his arm, his son did not have it, but his grandson had a blurred dark mark on the same spot.
Ὀλίγα μὲν οὖν γίνεται τὰ τοιαῦτα, τὰ δὲ πλεῖστα γίνεται ὁλόκληρα ἐκ κολοβῶν, καὶ οὐθὲν ἀποτέτακται τούτων.
Now, such cases are few, and for the most part whole children are born from mutilated parents, and none of these things is determined by a fixed rule.
Καὶ ἐοικότες δὲ τοῖς γεννήσασιν ἢ τοῖς ἄνωθεν γονεῦσιν, ὁτὲ δ’ οὐδὲν οὐδενί.
And they are like those who begot them, or like their ancestors, but sometimes like no one.
Ἀποδίδωσι δὲ καὶ διὰ πλειόνων γενῶν, οἷον ἐν Σικελίᾳ ἡ τῷ Αἰθίοπι μοιχευθεῖσα· ἡ μὲν γὰρ θυγάτηρ ἐγένετο οὐκ Αἰθίοψ, τὸ δ’ ἐκ ταύτης.
And the resemblance reappears even after several generations, as for example in Sicily, the woman who committed adultery with the Ethiopian; for her daughter did not become Ethiopian, but the child of this daughter did.
Καὶ ὡς μὲν ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ τὰ θήλεα ἔοικε τῇ μητρὶ μᾶλλον, τὰ δ’ ἄρρενα τῷ πατρί· γίνεται δὲ καὶ τοὐναντίον, τὰ μὲν θήλεα τῷ πατρί, τὰ δ’ ἄρρενα τῇ μητρί.
And for the most part, females resemble their mother more, and males their father; but the opposite also happens, females resembling their father, and males their mother.
Καὶ κατὰ μέρη δὲ γίνονται ἐοικότα ἄλλα μέρη ἑκατέρων.
And they also turn out resembling them in parts, other parts of each of them.
Τὰ δὲ δίδυμα ἤδη μὲν ἐγένετο καὶ οὐκ ἐοικότα ἀλλήλοις, τὰ δὲ πλεῖστα καὶ ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ ἐοικότα, ἐπεὶ καὶ μετὰ τὸν τόκον τίς ἑβδομαία συγγενομένη καὶ συλλαβοῦσα ἔτεκε τὸ ὕστερον τῷ προτέρῳ ἐοικός, ὥσπερ δίδυμον.
And twins have already been born not resembling one another, but most and for the most part they are alike, since indeed even after giving birth, a certain woman, having had intercourse on the seventh day and having conceived, gave birth to the later one resembling the former, just like a twin.
Εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ γυναῖκες ἐοικότα αὑταῖς γεννῶσαι, αἱ δὲ τῷ ἀνδρί, ὥσπερ ἡ ἐν Φαρσάλῳ ἵππος ἡ Δικαία καλουμένη.
And there are also women who give birth to offspring resembling themselves, and others resembling their husband, just like the mare in Pharsalus called Dicaia.