§7.4#2Τὸ δὲ δὴ πλῆθος τῶν τόκων τῆς τελειώσεως παρὰ τἆλλα ζῷα τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ταύτην ἔχει τὴν διαφοράν· καὶ τῶν μὲν μονοτόκων ὄντων τῶν δὲ πολυτόκων, ἐπαμφοτερίζει τὸ γένος τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων.
, as to the number of offspring at the completion of pregnancy, humans present this difference compared to other animals: while some animals produce a single offspring and others produce many, the human race partakes of both characters.
Τὸ μὲν γὰρ πλεῖστον καὶ παρὰ τοῖς πλείστοις ἓν τίκτουσιν αἱ γυναῖκες, πολλάκις δὲ καὶ πολλαχοῦ δίδυμα, οἷον καὶ περὶ Αἴγυπτον.
For for the most part and in most women, they give birth to one child, but frequently and in many places they bear twins, as for instance in Egypt.
Τίκτουσι δὲ καὶ τρία καὶ τέτταρα, περὶ ἐνίους μὲν καὶ σφόδρα τόπους, ὥσπερ εἴρηται πρότερον.
They also give birth to three and four, and in some regions indeed very frequently, as has been said before.
Πλεῖστα δὲ τίκτεται πέντε τὸν ἀριθμόν· ἤδη γὰρ ὦπται τοῦτο καὶ ἐπὶ πλειόνων συμβεβηκός.
The largest number born is five; for this has already been observed to happen in several cases.
Μία δέ τις ἐν τέτταρσι τόκοις ἔτεκεν εἴκοσιν· ἀνὰ πέντε γὰρ ἔτεκε, καὶ τὰ πολλὰ αὐτῶν ἐξετράφη.
And one particular woman in four births gave birth to twenty children; for she bore five at each birth, and most of them were reared.
Ἐν μὲν οὖν τοῖς ἄλλοις ζῴοις, κἂν ᾖ τὰ δίδυμα ἄρρεν καὶ θῆλυ, οὐθὲν ἧττον ἐκτρέφεται γενόμενα καὶ σώζεται τῶν ἀρρένων ἢ θηλειῶν· ἐν δὲ τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ὀλίγα σώζεται τῶν διδύμων, ἐὰν ᾖ τὸ μὲν θῆλυ τὸ δ’ ἄρρεν.
Now, in other animals, even if the twins are male and female, those born are reared and survive no less than if they were both males or both females; but in humans, few of the twins survive if one is female and the other is male.
Δέχεται δ’ ὀχείαν κύοντα μάλιστα τῶν ζῴων γυνὴ καὶ ἵππος· τὰ δ’ ἄλλα ὅταν πληρωθῇ, φεύγει τοὺς ἄρρενας, ὅσα μὴ πέφυκεν ἐπικυΐσκεσθαι, καθάπερ δασύπους.
Of all animals, woman and the mare especially admit sexual intercourse when pregnant; other animals, when they are impregnated, flee the males, except those whose nature is to superfetate, such as the hare.
Ἀλλ’ ἵππος μὲν ἂν συλλάβῃ τὸ πρῶτον, οὐκ ἐπικυΐσκεται πάλιν, ἀλλ’ ἓν τίκτει μόνον ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολύ· ἐπ’ ἀνθρώπῳ δ’ ὀλίγα μέν, γέγονε δέ ποτε.
But while a mare, if she conceives at first, does not superfetate again, but bears only one for the most part, in the case of humans, though it is rare, it has happened sometimes.
Τὰ μὲν οὖν ὕστερον πολλῷ χρόνῳ συλληφθέντα οὐδὲν λαμβάνει τέλος, ἀλλὰ πόνον παρασχόντα συνδιαφθείρει τὸ προϋπάρχον (ἤδη γὰρ συνέβη γενομένης διαφθορᾶς καὶ δώδεκα ἐκπεσεῖν τὰ ἐπικυηθέντα)· ἐὰν δ’ ἐγγὺς ἡ σύλληψις ἐγένετο, τὸ ἐπικυηθὲν ἐξήνεγκαν, καὶ τίκτουσιν ὥσπερ δίδυμα γόνῳ, καθάπερ καὶ τὸν Ἰφικλέα καὶ τὸν Ἡρακλέα μυθολογοῦσιν.
Now, those embryos conceived a long time afterwards achieve no completion, but, causing pain, destroy the pre-existing one along with themselves (for it has already happened, when a miscarriage occurred, that twelve superfetated fetuses were cast out); but if the conception occurred close in time, they carry the superfetated embryo to term, and give birth to them as if they were twins by birth, just as they mythologize about Iphicles and Heracles.
Γέγονε γὰρ καὶ τοῦτο φανερόν· μοιχευομένη γάρ τις τὸ μὲν τῶν τέκνων τῷ ἀνδρὶ ἐοικὸς ἔτεκε, τὸ δὲ τῷ μοιχῷ.
For this too has become manifest: a certain adulterous woman gave birth to one of her children resembling her husband, and the other resembling the adulterer.
Ἤδη δὲ καὶ δίδυμα κύουσά τις ἐπεκύησε τρίτον, γενομένου δὲ τοῦ χρόνου τοῦ καθήκοντος τὰ μὲν τελεόγονα τῷ χρόνῳ ἔτεκε, τὸ δὲ πεντάμηνον· καὶ τοῦτ’ ἀπέθανεν εὐθύς.
And already a certain woman pregnant with twins superfetated a third child, and when the proper time arrived, she gave birth to the two that were full-term on time, but the third was a five-month one; and this latter died immediately.
Καὶ ἑτέρᾳ δέ τινι συνέβη τεκούσῃ πρῶτον μὲν ἑπτάμηνον, ὕστερον δὲ δύο τελεόμηνα τεκεῖν· καὶ τούτων τὸ μὲν ἐτελεύτησε, τὰ δὲ ἐβίωσεν.
And it happened to another woman, having given birth first to a seven-month child, later to give birth to two full-term ones; and of these, one died, but the others survived.
Καὶ ἐκτιτρώσκουσαι δέ τινες συνέλαβον ἅμα, καὶ τὸ μὲν ἐξέβαλον τὸ δ’ ἔτεκον.
And some women, while miscarrying, conceived at the same time, and cast out one but gave birth to the other.
Ταῖς δὲ πλείσταις, ἐὰν συγγένωνται κυούσαις μετὰ τὸν ὄγδοον μῆνα, περίπλεων μυξώδους τὸ παιδίον ἐξέρχεται γλισχρότητος.
In most women, if they have intercourse when pregnant after the eighth month, the child comes out covered with a slimy fluid.
Καὶ τῶν ἐδεσμάτων δὲ τῶν προσφερομένων περίπλεων φαίνεται πολλάκις.
And it often appears covered also with the foods that were consumed.
Καὶ τῷ ἁλὶ δαψιλεστέρῳ χρησαμένων οὐκ ἔχοντα γίνεται τὰ παιδία ὄνυχας.
And when they have used salt too abundantly, the children are born without nails.