§6.13οἱ δ’ ᾠοκοκοῦντες τῶν ἰχθύων τὴν μὲν ὑστέραν δικρόαν ἔχουσι καὶ κάτω, καθάπερ ἐλέχθη πρότερον (ᾠοτοκοῦσι δὲ πάντες οἵ τε λεπιδωτοί, οἷον λάβραξ κεστρεὺς κέφαλος ἐτελίς, καὶ οἱ λευκοὶ καλούμενοι πάντες, καὶ οἱ λεῖοι πλὴν ἐγχέλυος), ᾠὸν δ’ ἴσχουσι ψαθυρόν.
Of the fishes that are oviparous, they have the womb two-forked and situated low, just as was said before (and all those that are scaly, such as the bass, the mullet, the grey mullet, and the etelis, are oviparous, and also all those called white, and the smooth ones except the eel), and they have a crumbly egg.
Τοῦτο δὲ φαίνεται διὰ τὸ τὴν ὑστέραν εἶναι πλήρη πᾶσαν ᾠῶν, ὥστ’ ἔν γε τοῖς μικροῖς τῶν ἰχθύων δοκεῖν ᾠὰ μόνον εἶναι δύο· διὰ τὴν μικρότητα γὰρ καὶ τὴν λεπτότητα ἄδηλος ἐν αὐτοῖς ἡ ὑστέρα.
This is apparent because the womb is completely full of eggs, so that in the small fishes there seem to be only two eggs; for because of its smallness and thinness, the womb is invisible in them.
Περὶ μὲν οὖν τῆς ὀχείας πάντων τῶν ἰχθύων εἴρηται πρότερον.
Now concerning the copulation of all fishes, it has been spoken of before.
Εἰσὶ δὲ τῶν ἰχθύων οἱ μὲν πλεῖστοι ἄρρενες καὶ θήλεις, περὶ δ’ ἐρυθρίνου καὶ χάννης ἀπορεῖται· πάντες γὰρ ἁλίσκονται κυήματα ἔχοντες.
But most of the fishes are male and female, though concerning the erythrinos and the channe there is doubt; for all of them are caught having embryos.
Συνίσταται μὲν οὖν καὶ ὀχευομένων ᾠὰ τοῖς συνδυαζομένοις τῶν ἰχθύων, ἴσχουσι δὲ καὶ ἄνευ ὀχείας.
Therefore, eggs are formed also when the pairing fishes copulate, but they also have them without copulation.
Δηλοῦσι δ’ ἔνιοι τῶν ποταμίων· εὐθὺς γὰρ γεννώμενοι ὡς εἰπεῖν καὶ μικροὶ ὄντες οἱ φοξῖνοι κυήματ’ ἔχουσιν.
Some of the river-fishes show this; for the phoxinoi, being immediately born so to speak and being small, have embryos.
Ἀπορραίνουσι δὲ τὰ ᾠά, καὶ καθάπερ λέγεται, τὰ μὲν πολλὰ ᾠὰ οἱ ἄρρενες ἀνακάπτουσι, τὰ δ’ ἀπόλλυται ἐν τῷ ὑγρῷ· ὅσα δ’ ἂν ἐκτέκωσιν εἰς τοὺς τόπους εἰς οὓς ἐκτίκτουσι, ταῦτα σώζεται· εἰ γὰρ πάντα ἐσώζετο, παμπληθὲς ἂν τὸ γένος ἦν ἑκάστων.
And they shed their eggs, and as it is said, the males swallow most of the eggs, and others are lost in the fluid; but as many as they lay in the places where they spawn, these are saved; for if all were saved, the genus of each would be immense.
Καὶ τούτων δ’ οὐ γίνεται τὰ πολλὰ γόνιμα, ἀλλ’ ὅσα ἂν ἐπιρράνῃ ὁ ἄρρην τῷ θορῷ· ὅταν γὰρ ἐκτέκῃ, παρεπόμενος ὁ ἄρρην ἐπιρραίνει ἐπὶ τὰ ᾠὰ τὸν θορόν, καὶ ὅσα μὲν ἂν ἐπιρρανθῇ, ἐκ πάντων γίνεται ἰχθύδια, ἐκ δὲ τῶν ἄλλων ὅπως ἂν τύχῃ.
And even of these, most do not become fertile, but only as many as the male sprinkles with his milt; for when the female lays, the male following closely sprinkles his milt upon the eggs, and those that are sprinkled, from all of them little fishes are formed, but from the others as it may chance.
Ταὐτὸ δὲ συμβαίνει τοῦτο καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν μαλακίων· ὁ γὰρ ἄρρην τῶν σηπιῶν, ὅταν ἐκτέκῃ ἡ θήλεια, ἐπιρραίνει τὰ ᾠά.
And this same thing happens also in the case of the molluscs; for the male of the cuttlefishes, when the female lays, sprinkles the eggs.
Ὅπερ εὔλογον συμβαίνειν καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων μαλακίων, ἀλλ’ ἐπὶ τῶν σηπιῶν ὦπται ἐν τῷ παρόντι μόνον.
Which is reasonable to happen also in the case of the other molluscs, but in the case of the cuttlefishes it has been observed at present only.
Ἐκτίκτουσι δὲ πρὸς τῇ γῇ, οἱ μὲν κωβιοὶ πρὸς τοῖς λίθοις, πλὴν πλατὺ καὶ ψαθυρὸν τὸ ἀποτικτόμενόν ἐστιν.
And they spawn near the land, the gobies near the stones, except that what is spawned is flat and crumbly.
Ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι· ἀλεεινά τε γάρ ἐστι τὰ περὶ τὴν γῆν, καὶ τροφὴν ἔχει μᾶλλον, καὶ πρὸς τὸ μὴ κατεσθίεσθαι ὑπὸ τῶν μειζόνων τὰ κυήματα.
And likewise the others; for the parts near the land are warm, and have more food, and protect the embryos from being devoured by the larger ones.
Διὸ καὶ ἐν τῷ Πόντῳ περὶ τὸν Θερμώδοντα ποταμὸν οἱ πλεῖστοι τίκτουσιν· νήνεμος γὰρ ὁ τόπος καὶ ἀλεεινὸς καὶ ἔχων ὕδατα γλυκέα.
Wherefore also in the Pontus around the river Thermodon most of them spawn; for the place is sheltered, warm, and has fresh waters.
Τίκτουσι δ’ οἱ μὲν ἄλλοι τῶν ᾠοτόκων ἰχθύων ἅπαξ τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ, πλὴν τῶν μικρῶν φυκίδων· αὗται δὲ δίς.
And the others of the oviparous fishes spawn once a year, except for the small phykides; and these spawn twice.
Διαφέρει δ’ ὁ ἄρρην φύκης τῆς θηλείας τῷ μελάντερος εἶναι καὶ μείζους ἔχειν τὰς λεπίδας.
And the male phykes differs from the female in being blacker and having larger scales.
Οἱ μὲν οὖν ἄλλοι ἰχθύες ἐν γόνῳ τίκτουσι καὶ τὰ ᾠὰ ἀφιᾶσιν· ἣν δὲ καλοῦσί τινες βελόνην, ὅταν ἤδη ὥρα ᾖ τοῦ τίκτειν, διαρρήγνυται, καὶ οὕτω τὰ ᾠὰ ἐξέρχεται.
Now then, the other fishes spawn in the ordinary way and release their eggs; but the one which some call belone, when it is already the season for spawning, bursts open, and thus the eggs come out.
Ἔχει γάρ τινα ὁ ἰχθὺς οὗτος διάφυσιν ὑπὸ τὴν γαστέρα καὶ τὸ ἦτρον, ὥσπερ οἱ τυφλίναι ὄφεις· ὅταν δ’ ἐκτέκῃ, συμφύεται ταῦτα πάλιν.
For this fish has a certain split under the belly and the abdomen, like the blind-snakes; and when it has spawned, these close up again.
Ἡ δὲ γένεσις ἐκ τοῦ ᾠοῦ ὁμοίως συμβαίνει ἐπί τε τῶν ἔσω ᾠοτοκούντων καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἔξω· ἐπ’ ἄκρου τε γὰρ γίνεται καὶ ὑμένι περιέχεται, καὶ πρῶτον διάδηλοι οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ μεγάλοι καὶ σφαιροειδεῖς ὄντες.
And the generation from the egg happens similarly both in the case of those that are internally oviparous and those that are externally so; for it takes place at the tip and is enclosed in a membrane, and first of all the eyes are clearly visible, being large and spherical.
Ἧι καὶ δῆλον ὅτι οὐχ ὥσπερ τινές φασιν, ὁμοίως γίνονται τοῖς ἐκ τῶν σκωλήκων γινομένοις· τοὐναντίον γὰρ συμβαίνει ἐπ’ ἐκείνων, τὰ κάτω μείζω πρῶτον, οἱ δ’ ὀφθαλμοὶ καὶ ἡ κεφαλὴ ὕστερον.
Whereby it is also clear that they do not, as some say, generate similarly to those generated from worms; for the opposite happens in their case, the lower parts being larger at first, and the eyes and the head later.
Ὅταν δ’ ἀναλωθῇ τὸ ᾠόν, γίνονται γυρινώδεις, καὶ τὸ μὲν πρῶτον οὐδεμίαν τροφὴν λαμβάνοντα αὐξάνονται ἐκ τῆς ἀπὸ τοῦ ᾠοῦ ἐγγιγνομένης ὑγρότητος, ὕστερον δὲ τρέφονται ἕως ἂν αὐξηθῶσι τοῖς ποταμίοις ὕδασιν.
And when the egg is consumed, they become tadpole-like, and at first they grow without taking any food, from the moisture arising from the egg, but later they feed in the river waters until they grow.
Τοῦ δὲ Πόντου καθαιρομένου ἐπιφέρεταί τι κατὰ τὸν Ἑλλήσποντον ὃ καλοῦσι φῦκος· ἔστι δ’ ὠχρὸν τοῦτο.
And when the Pontus is cleared, something is carried down through the Hellespont which they call phykos; and this is yellow.
Οἱ δέ τινές φασι τοῦτο ἄνθος εἶναί τι φυσικὸν τὸ φυκίον.
And some say that this phykion is a certain natural flower.
Ἀρχομένου δὲ γίνεται τοῦ θέρους.
And it appears at the beginning of summer.
Τούτῳ τρέφεται καὶ τὰ ὄστρεα καὶ τὰ ἰχθύδια τὰ ἐν τοῖς τόποις τούτοις.
With this both the shellfish and the small fishes in these places feed.
Φασὶ δέ τινες τῶν θαλαττίων καὶ τὴν πορφύραν ἴσχειν ἀπὸ τούτου τὸ ἄνθος.
And some say that of the marine creatures, the purple-fish also gets its dye from this.