§5.8Τὰ δ’ ἔντομα συνέρχεται μὲν ὄπισθεν, εἶτ’ ἐπιβαίνει τὸ ἔλαττον ἐπὶ τὸ μεῖζον· τοῦτο δ’ ἐστὶ τὸ ἄρρεν.
Insects copulate from behind, and then the smaller one mounts the larger; this latter is the male.
Ἐναφίησι δὲ τὸν πόρον κάτωθεν τὸ θῆλυ εἰς τὸ ἄρρεν τὸ ἐπάνω, ἀλλ’ οὐ τὸ ἄρρεν εἰς τὸ θῆλυ, ὥσπερ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων.
But unlike other animals, the female inserts her tube from below into the male above, and not the male into the female.
Καὶ τοῦτο τὸ μόριον ἐπὶ μὲν ἐνίων καὶ φαίνεται μεῖζον ὂν ἢ κατὰ λόγον τοῦ ὅλου σώματος, καὶ πάνυ μικρῶν ὄντων, ἐπ’ ἐνίων δ’ ἧττον.
In some species, this organ appears larger than in proportion to the whole body, even though they are very small, while in others it is less so.
Τοῦτο δ’ ἐστὶ φανερόν, ἐάν τις διαιρῇ τὰς ὀχευομένας μυίας.
This is clear if one separates copulating flies.
Ἀπολύονται δ’ ἀπ’ ἀλλήλων μόλις· πολὺν γὰρ χρόνον ὁ συνδυασμός ἐστι τῶν τοιούτων.
They separate from each other with difficulty; for the copulation of such creatures lasts a long time.
Δῆλον δ’ ἐπὶ τῶν ἐν ποσίν, οἷον μυιῶν τε καὶ κανθαρίδων.
This is evident in those close at hand, such as flies and beetles.
Πάντα δὲ τὸν τρόπον τοῦτον ὀχεύεται, αἵ τε μυῖαι καὶ αἱ κανθαρίδες καὶ αἱ σπονδύλαι καὶ τὰ φαλάγγια, καὶ εἴ τι ἄλλο τοιοῦτόν ἐστι τῶν ὀχευομένων.
All of them copulate in this manner: flies, beetles, wasps, and poisonous spiders, and any other such copulating creatures.
Ποιοῦνται δὲ τὰ φαλάγγια τὴν ὀχείαν τόνδε τὸν τρόπον, ὅσα γε ὑφαίνει ἀράχνια· ὅταν ἡ θήλεια σπάσῃ τῶν ἀποτεταμένων ἀραχνίων ἀπὸ τοῦ μέσου, πάλιν ὁ ἄρρην ἀντισπᾷ· τοῦτο δὲ ποιήσαντα πολλάκις οὕτω συνέρχεται καὶ συμπλέκεται ἀντίπυγα· διὰ γὰρ τὴν περιφέρειαν τῆς κοιλίας οὗτος ἁρμόττει ὁ συνδυασμὸς αὐτοῖς. Ἡ μὲν οὖν ὀχεία τῶν ζῴων τοῦτο γίνεται τὸν τρόπον πάντων, ὧραι δὲ καὶ ἡλικίαι τῆς ὀχείας ἑκάστοις εἰσὶν ὡρισμέναι τῶν ζῴων.
Poisonous spiders that weave webs perform their copulation in the following manner: when the female pulls from the middle of the stretched webs, the male pulls back in turn; and having done this many times, they come together in this way and couple rear-to-rear; for due to the roundness of their abdomen, this mode of copulation suits them.\nNow, the copulation of all animals takes place in this manner, but the seasons and ages for copulation are defined for each.
Βούλεται μὲν οὖν ἡ φύσις τῶν πλείστων περὶ τὸν αὐτὸν χρόνον ποιεῖσθαι τὴν ὁμιλίαν ταύτην, ὅταν ἐκ τοῦ χειμῶνος μεταβάλλῃ πρὸς τὸ θέρος· αὕτη δ’ ἐστὶν ἡ τοῦ ἔαρος ὥρα, ἐν ᾗ τὰ πλεῖστα καὶ πτηνὰ καὶ πεζὰ καὶ πλωτὰ ὁρμᾷ πρὸς συνδυασμόν.
Indeed, nature wills that for most of them this intercourse should occur around the same time, when changing from winter to summer; this is the spring season, in which most birds, land animals, and aquatic animals are driven to couple.
Ποιεῖται δ’ ἔνια τὴν ὀχείαν καὶ τὸν τόκον καὶ μετοπώρου καὶ χειμῶνος, οἷον τῶν τ’ ἐνύδρων γένη ἄττα καὶ τῶν πτηνῶν· ἄνθρωπος δὲ μάλιστα πᾶσαν ὥραν, καὶ τῶν συνανθρωπευομένων ζῴων πολλὰ διὰ τὴν ἀλέαν καὶ εὐτροφίαν, ὅσων καὶ αἱ κυήσεις ὀλιγοχρόνιοί εἰσιν, οἷον ὑὸς καὶ κυνός, καὶ τῶν πτηνῶν ὅσα πλεονάκις ποιοῦνται τοὺς τόκους.
But some perform copulation and birth in autumn and winter, such as certain kinds of aquatic animals and birds; and man especially at all seasons, as well as many of the animals that live with man because of warmth and good feeding, and those whose gestations are of short duration, such as the pig and the dog, and those birds that produce young more frequently.
Πολλὰ δὲ καὶ πρὸς τὰς ἐκτροφὰς τῶν τέκνων στοχαζόμενα ποιοῦνται τὸν συνδυασμὸν ἐν τῇ ἀπαρτιζούσῃ ὥρᾳ.
And many animals, aiming at the rearing of their young, couple in the season that fits exactly.
Ὀργᾷ δὲ πρὸς τὴν ὁμιλίαν τῶν ἀνθρώπων τὸ μὲν ἄρρεν ἐν τῷ χειμῶνι μᾶλλον, τὸ δὲ θῆλυ ἐν τῷ θέρει.
As for humans, the male is more eager for intercourse in winter, and the female in summer.
Τὸ δὲ τῶν ὀρνίθων γένος, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, τὸ πλεῖστον περὶ τὸ ἔαρ ποιεῖται καὶ ἀρχομένου τοῦ θέρους τὴν ὀχείαν καὶ τοὺς τόκους, πλὴν ἁλκυόνος.
But the class of birds, as has been said, for the most part perform their copulation and lay eggs around spring and the beginning of summer, except for the halcyon.
Ἡ δὲ ἁλκυὼν τίκτει περὶ τροπὰς τὰς χειμερινάς.
The halcyon lays her eggs around the winter solstice.
Διὸ καὶ καλοῦνται, ὅταν εὐδιειναὶ γένωνται αἱ τροπαί, ἁλκυόνειοι ἡμέραι ἑπτὰ μὲν πρὸ τροπῶν, ἑπτὰ δὲ μετὰ τροπάς, καθάπερ καὶ Σιμωνίδης ἐποίησεν
ὡς ὁπόταν χειμέριον κατὰ μῆνα
πινύσκῃ Ζεὺς ἤματα τεσσαρακαίδεκα,
λαθάνεμόν τέ μιν ὥραν
καλέουσιν ἐπιχθόνιοι, ἱερὰν
παιδοτρόφον ποικίλας ἁλκυόνος. Γίνονται δ’ εὐδιειναί, ὅταν συμβῇ νοτίους γίνεσθαι τὰς τροπάς, τῆς Πλειάδος βορείου γενομένης.
Therefore, when the solstice becomes calm, these are called the halcyon days, seven days before the solstice and seven days after it, just as Simonides also wrote:\n"As when in the winter month\nZeus makes fourteen days calm,\nand mortals call it\nthe wind-forgetting season, the sacred\nbrood-rearing time of the bright halcyon."\nThe days become calm when it happens that the solstice brings south winds, with the Pleiades being in the north.
Λέγεται δ’ ἐν ἑπτὰ μὲν ἡμέραις ποιεῖσθαι τὴν νεοττίαν, ἐν δὲ ταῖς λοιπαῖς ἑπτὰ ἡμέραις τίκτειν τὰ νεόττια καὶ ἐκτρέφειν.
And it is said that in seven days she makes her nest, and in the remaining seven days she lays and rears her young.
Περὶ μὲν οὖν τοὺς ἐνταῦθα τόπους οὐκ ἀεὶ συμβαίνει γίνεσθαι ἁλκυονίδας ἡμέρας περὶ τὰς τροπάς, ἐν δὲ τῷ Σικελικῷ πελάγει σχεδὸν ἀεί.
Now, in these regions, the halcyon days do not always occur around the solstice, but in the Sicilian sea they do so almost always.
Τίκτει δ’ ἡ ἁλκυὼν περὶ πέντε ᾠά.
The halcyon lays about five eggs.