§4.2#2Ὀδόντας δ’ ἔχει δύο καθάπερ ὁ κάραβος, ἐπάνω δὲ τούτων τὰ κέρατα μακρά, βραχύτερα δὲ καὶ λεπτότερα πολὺ ἢ ὁ κάραβος, καὶ ἄλλα τέτταρα τὴν μὲν μορφὴν ὅμοια τούτοις, βραχύτερα δὲ καὶ λεπτότερα.
It has two teeth just like the spiny lobster, and above these long antennae, but much shorter and thinner than those of the spiny lobster, and four others similar in shape to these, but shorter and thinner.
Τούτων δ’ ἐπάνω τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς μικροὺς καὶ βραχεῖς, οὐχ ὥσπερ ὁ κάραβος μεγάλους.
Above these it has its eyes, which are small and short, not large like those of the spiny lobster.
Τὸ δ’ ἐπάνω τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν ὀξὺ καὶ τραχύ, καθαπερανεὶ μέτωπον, μεῖζον ἢ ὁ κάραβος.
The part above the eyes is sharp and rough, like a forehead as it were, and larger than that of the spiny lobster.
Ὅλως δὲ τὸ μὲν πρόσωπον ὀξύτερον, τὸν δὲ θώρακα εὐρύτερον ἔχει πολὺ τοῦ καράβου, καὶ τὸ ὅλον σῶμα σαρκωδέστερον καὶ μαλακώτερον.
On the whole, it has its face sharper and its carapace much broader than that of the spiny lobster, and its whole body is fleshier and softer.
Τῶν δ’ ὀκτὼ ποδῶν οἱ μὲν τέτταρες ἐξ ἄκρου δίκροοί εἰσιν, οἱ δὲ τέτταρες οὔ.
Of its eight feet, four are forked at the tip, and the other four are not.
Τὰ δὲ περὶ τὸν τράχηλον καλούμενον διῄρηται μὲν ἔξωθεν πενταχῇ, καὶ ἕκτον ἐστὶ τὸ πλατὺ καὶ ἔσχατον, πέντε πλάκας ἔχον· τὰ δ’ ἐντός, εἰς ἃ προεντίκτουσιν αἱ θήλειαι, δασέα τέτταρα.
The part around what is called the tail-neck is divided externally into five segments, and the sixth is the broad and final one, having five plates; the internal parts, upon which the females first deposit their spawn, consist of four hairy segments.
Καθ’ ἕκαστον δὲ τῶν εἰρμηένων πρὸς τὰ ἔξω ἄκανθαν ἔχει βραχεῖαν καὶ ὀρθήν.
On each of the aforementioned segments, it has a short, straight spine pointing outward.
Τὸ δ’ ὅλον σῶμα καὶ τὰ περὶ τὸν θώρακα λεῖα ἔχει, οὐχ ὥσπερ ὁ κάραβος τραχύς· ἀλλ’ ἐν τοῖς μεγάλοις ποσὶ τὰ ἔξωθεν ἀκάνθας ἔχει μείζους.
Its whole body and the parts around the carapace are smooth, not rough like the spiny lobster; but on its large feet, the outer parts have larger spines.
Τῆς δὲ θηλείας πρὸς τὸν ἄρρενα οὐδεμία διαφορὰ φαίνεται· καὶ γὰρ ὁ ἄρρην καὶ ἡ θήλεια ὁποτέραν ἂν τύχῃ τῶν χηλῶν ἔχουσι μείζω, ἴσας μέντοι ἀμφοτέρας οὐδέτερος οὐδέποτε.
No difference is apparent between the female and the male; for both the male and the female have whichever of the two claws it may happen to be larger, yet neither of them ever has them both equal.
Τὴν δὲ θάλατταν δέχονται μὲν παρὰ τὸ στόμα πάντα τὰ τοιαῦτα, ἀφιᾶσι δ’ ἐπιλαμβάνοντα μικρὸν τούτου μόριον οἱ καρκίνοι, οἱ δὲ κάραβοι παρὰ τὰ βραγχιοειδῆ· ἔχουσι δὲ τὰ βραγχιοειδῆ πολλὰ οἱ κάραβοι.
All such creatures take in seawater by the mouth, but crabs discharge it by covering a small part of this, while spiny lobsters do so by the gill-like organs; and spiny lobsters have many gill-like organs.
Κοινὸν δὲ πάντων τούτων ἐστίν· ὀδόντας τε πάντ’ ἔχει δύο (καὶ γὰρ οἱ κάραβοι τοὺς πρώτους δύο ἔχουσι) καὶ τὸ στόμα σαρκωδέστερον ἀντὶ γλώττης, εἶτα κοιλίαν τοῦ στόματος ἐχομένην εὐθύς, πλὴν οἱ κάραβοι μικρὸν στόμαχον πρὸ τῆς κοιλίας, εἶτ’ ἐκ ταύτης ἔντερον εὐθύ.
This is common to all of them: they all have two teeth (for indeed spiny lobsters have the first two), and a rather fleshy mouth instead of a tongue, then a stomach immediately adjoining the mouth, except that spiny lobsters have a small esophagus before the stomach, and then a straight intestine extending from this.
Τελευτᾷ δὲ τοῦτο τοῖς μὲν καραβοειδέσι καὶ καρίσι κατ’ εὐθυωρίαν πρὸς τὴν οὐράν, ᾗ τὸ περίττωμα ἀφιᾶσι καὶ τὰ ᾠὰ ἐκτίκτουσιν, τοῖς δὲ καρκίνοις, ᾗ τὸ ἐπίπτυγμα ἔχουσι, κατὰ μέσον τὸ ἐπίπτυγμα.
This intestine ends in the case of lobster-like creatures and shrimps in a straight line toward the tail, where they discharge their excrement and deposit their eggs, but in crabs, where they have the operculum, in the middle of this flap.
Ἐκτὸς δὲ καὶ οὗτοι, ᾗ τὰ ᾠὰ ἐκτίκτουσιν.
And these latter also deposit their eggs on the outside, where they discharge them.
Ἔτι τὰ θήλεα αὐτῶν παρὰ τὸ ἔντερον τὴν τὸν ᾠῶν χώραν ἔχουσιν.
Furthermore, the females of them have the place for their eggs alongside the intestine.
Καὶ τὴν καλουμένην δὲ μύτιν ἢ μήκωνα πλείω ἢ ἐλάττω πάντ’ ἔχει ταῦτα.
And all these also have what is called the mytis or the mekon, in a greater or lesser degree.
Τὰς δὲ ἰδίας ἤδη διαφορὰς καθ’ ἕκαστον δεῖ θεωρεῖν.
Now we must consider the specific differences in each case.
Οἱ μὲν οὖν κάραβοι, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, δύο ἔχουσιν ὀδόντας μεγάλους καὶ κοίλους, ἐν οἷς ἔνεστι χυμὸς ὅμοιος τῇ μύτιδι, μεταξὺ δὲ τῶν ὀδόντων σαρκίον γλωττοειδές.
Now the spiny lobsters, as has been said, have two large, hollow teeth, in which there is a fluid similar to the mytis, and between the teeth is a tongue-like piece of flesh.
Ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ στόματος ἔχει οἰσοφάγον βραχὺν καὶ κοιλίαν τούτου ἐχομένην ὑμενώδη, ἧς πρὸς τῷ στόματι ὀδόντες εἰσὶ τρεῖς, οἱ μὲν δύο κατ’ ἀλλήλους, ὁ δὲ εἷς ὑποκάτω.
From the mouth it has a short esophagus and immediately following this a membranous stomach, on the part of which near the mouth there are three teeth, two opposite each other and one below.
Τῆς δὲ κοιλίας ἐκ τοῦ πλαγίου ἔντερόν ἐστιν ἁπλοῦν καὶ ἰσοπαχὲς δι’ ὅλου μέχρι πρὸς τὴν ἔξοδον τοῦ περιττώματος.
And from the side of the stomach there is a simple intestine, of uniform thickness throughout, extending all the way to the exit of the excrement.
Ταῦτα μὲν οὖν πάντα ἔχουσι καὶ οἱ κάραβοι καὶ αἱ καρίδες καὶ οἱ καρκίνοι· καὶ γὰρ ὀδόντας δύο ἔχουσιν οἱ καρκίνοι.
Now all these parts are possessed by the spiny lobsters, the shrimps, and the crabs; for indeed the crabs also have two teeth.
Ἔτι δ’ οἵ γε κάραβοι πόρον ἔχουσι ἀπὸ τοῦ στήθους ἠρτημένον μέχρι πρὸς τὴν ἔξοδον τοῦ περιττώματος· οὗτος δ’ ἐστὶ τῇ μὲν θηλείᾳ ὑστερικός, τῷ δ’ ἄρρενι θορικός.
Furthermore, the spiny lobsters at least have a duct suspended from the breast and extending to the exit of the excrement; in the female this is uterine, and in the male it is seminal.
Ἔστι δ’ ὁ πόρος οὗτος πρὸς τῷ κοίλῳ τῆς σαρκός, ὥστε μεταξὺ εἶναι τὴν σάρκα· τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἔντερον πρὸς τῷ κυρτῷ ἐστίν, ὁ δὲ πόρος πρὸς τῷ κοίλῳ, ὁμοίως ἔχοντα ταῦτα ὥσπερ τοῖς τετράποσιν.
And this duct is on the concave side of the flesh, so that the flesh is between them; for the intestine is on the convex side, and the duct on the concave side, these being situated similarly to those in quadrupeds.
Διαφέρει δ’ οὐθὲν ὁ τοῦ ἄρρενος ἢ τῆς θηλείας· ἀμφότεροι γάρ εἰσι λεπτοὶ καὶ λευκοὶ καὶ ὑγρότητα ἔχοντες ἐν αὑτοῖς ὠχράν, ἔτι δ’ ἠρτημένοι ἀμφότεροι ἐκ τοῦ στήθους.
There is no difference between the duct of the male and that of the female; for both are thin and white, containing a pale yellow fluid within them, and furthermore both are suspended from the breast.
Ἔχουσι δ’ οὕτω τὸ ᾠὸν καὶ αἱ καρίδες καὶ τὰς ἑλίκας.
And the shrimps also have their eggs and their coiled organs in this manner.
Ἴδια δ’ ἔχει ὁ ἄρρην πρὸς τὴν θήλειαν ἐν τῇ σαρκὶ κατὰ τὸ στῆθος δύο λεύκ’ ἄττα καθ’ αὑτά, ὅμοια τὸ χρῶμα καὶ τὴν σύστασιν ταῖς τῆς σηπίας προβοσκίσιν· εἱλιγμένα δ’ ἐστὶ ταῦτα ὥσπερ ἡ τοῦ κήρυκος μήκων.
The male has, as peculiar to itself in contrast with the female, in the flesh near the breast two white objects by themselves, similar in color and consistency to the tentacles of the cuttlefish; and these are coiled like the mekon of the trumpet-shell.
Ἡ δ’ ἀρχὴ τούτων ἐστὶν ἀπὸ τῶν κοτυληδόνων, αἵ εἰσιν ὑποκάτω τῶν ἐσχάτων ποδῶν.
The origin of these is from the cup-like cavities which are underneath the last feet.
Ἔχει δὲ καὶ ἐν τούτῳ σάρκα ἐρυθρὰν καὶ αἱματώδη τὴν χρόαν, τῇ δ’ ἁφῇ γλίσχραν καὶ οὐχ ὁμοίαν τῇ σαρκί.
And inside this it also has a flesh which is red and blood-colored, and to the touch sticky and unlike ordinary flesh.
Ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ περὶ τὰ στήθη κηρυκώδους ἄλλος ἐστὶν ἑλιγμός, ὥσπερ ἁρπεδόνη τὸ πάχος· ὧν ὑποκάτω δύο ἄττα ψαθυρά ἐστι προσηρτημένα τῷ ἐντέρῳ θορικά.
And from the trumpet-shell-like coiled organ near the breast there is another coil, in thickness like a thread; underneath these are two crumbly seminal objects attached to the intestine.
Ταῦτα μὲν οὖν ὁ ἄρρην ἔχει· ἡ δὲ θήλεια ᾠὰ ἴσχει τὸ χρῶμα ἐρυθρά, ὧν ἡ πρόσφυσίς ἐστι πρὸς τῇ κοιλίᾳ καὶ τοῦ ἐντέρου ἑκατέρωθι μέχρι εἰς τὰ σαρκώδη, ὑμένι λεπτῷ περιεχόμενα.
These parts, then, the male has; but the female has red-colored eggs, which are attached near the stomach and on either side of the intestine as far as the fleshy parts, and are enclosed in a thin membrane.
Τὰ μὲν οὖν μόρια ὅσα ἐντὸς καὶ ἐκτὸς ἔχουσι, ταῦτά ἐστιν.
Such, then, are the parts, both internal and external, which they possess.