§4.2#1Τῶν δὲ μαλακοστράκων ἓν μέν ἐστι γένος τὸ τῶν καράβων, καὶ τούτῳ παραπλήσιον ἕτερον τὸ τῶν καλουμένων ἀστακῶν·
Of the crustaceans (malacostraca), one genus is that of the spiny lobsters (karaboi), and another very similar to this is that of the so-called lobsters (astakoi).
οὗτοι δὲ διαφέρουσι τῶν καράβων τῷ ἔχειν χηλὰς καὶ ἄλλας τινὰς διαφορὰς οὐ πολλάς.
These latter differ from the spiny lobsters in having claws and in some other not very numerous differences.
Ἓν δὲ τὸ τῶν καρίδων, καὶ ἄλλο τὸ τῶν καρκίνων.
Another is that of the shrimps (karides), and another that of the crabs (karkinoi).
Γένη δὲ πλείω τῶν καρίδων ἐστὶ καὶ τῶν καρκίνων, τῶν μὲν καρίδων αἵ τε κυφαὶ καὶ αἱ κράγγονες καὶ τὸ μικρὸν γένος (αὗται γὰρ οὐ γίνονται μείζους), τῶν δὲ καρκίνων παντοδαπώτερον τὸ γένος καὶ οὐκ εὐαρίθμητον.
There are several genera of shrimps and of crabs; among the shrimps are the humpbacked shrimps, the sand-shrimps (krangones), and the small genus (for these do not grow larger), while the genus of crabs is of all kinds and not easily enumerated.
Μέγιστον μὲν οὖν ἐστὶν ἃς καλοῦσι μαίας, δεύτερον δὲ οἵ τε πάγουροι καὶ οἱ Ἡρακλεωτικοὶ καρκίνοι, ἔτι δ’ οἱ ποτάμιοι· οἱ δ’ ἄλλοι ἐλάττους καὶ ἀνωνυμώτεροι.
Now the largest is the one they call maia (spider-crab), second are the pagouroi (edible crabs) and the Heracleotic crabs, and also the river-crabs; the others are smaller and less known by name.
Περὶ δὲ τὴν Φοινίκην γίνονται ἐν τῷ αἰγιαλῷ οὓς καλοῦσιν ἱππεῖς διὰ τὸ οὕτως ταχέως θεῖν ὥστε μὴ ῥᾴδιον εἶναι καταλαβεῖν· ἀνοιχθέντες δὲ κενοὶ διὰ τὸ μὴ ἔχειν νομήν.
Around Phoenicia there are found on the shore those crabs which they call "horsemen" (hippeis) because they run so fast that it is not easy to catch them; when opened, they are found empty because they have no food inside.
Ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἕτερον γένος μικρὸν μὲν ὥσπερ οἱ καρκίνοι, τὸ δὲ εἶδος ὅμοιον τοῖς ἀστακοῖς.
There is also another genus, small like the crabs, but in appearance similar to the lobsters.
Πάντα μὲν οὖν ταῦτα, καθάπερ εἴρηται πρότερον, τὸ μὲν στερεὸν καὶ ὀστρακῶδες ἐκτὸς ἔχει ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ τοῦ δέρματος, τὸ δὲ σαρκῶδες ἐντός, τὰ δ’ ἐν τοῖς ὑπτίοις πλακωδέστερα, εἰς ἃ καὶ ἐκτίκτουσιν αἱ θήλειαι.
Now all these, as was said before, have their hard and shelly part on the outside, in the place of the skin, and the fleshy part inside, and the parts on their under side are flatter, on which the females also deposit their spawn.
Πόδας δ’ οἱ μὲν κάραβοι ἐφ’ ἑκάτερα ἔχουσι πέντε σὺν ταῖς ἐσχάταις χηλαῖς· ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ οἱ καρκίνοι δέκα τοὺς πάντας σὺν ταῖς χηλαῖς.
Spiny lobsters have five feet on each side, including the claws at the extremity; similarly, crabs also have ten feet in all, including the claws.
Τῶν δὲ καρίδων αἱ μὲν κυφαὶ πέντε μὲν ἐφ’ ἑκάτερα ἔχουσιν, ὀξεῖς τοὺς πρὸς τῇ κεφαλῇ, ἄλλους δὲ πέντε ἐφ’ ἑκάτερα κατὰ τὴν γαστέρα, τὰ ἄκρα ἔχοντας πλατέα· πλάκας δ’ ἐν τοῖς ὑπτίοις οὐκ ἔχουσι, τὰ δ’ ἐν τοῖς πρανέσιν ὅμοια τοῖς καράβοις.
As for the shrimps, the humpbacked ones have five feet on each side, those near the head being sharp, and another five on each side along the abdomen, which have flat ends; but they do not have plates on their under side, though their upper parts are similar to those of the spiny lobsters.
Ἡ δὲ κραγγὼν τὸ ἀνάπαλιν· τοὺς πρώτους γὰρ ἔχει τέτταρας ἐφ’ ἑκάτερα, εἶτ’ ἄλλους ἐχομένους λεπτοὺς τρεῖς ἐφ’ ἑκάτερα, τὸ δὲ λοιπὸν πλεῖον μόριον τοῦ σώματος ἄπουν ἐστίν.
The sand-shrimp (krangon) is the reverse; for it has four feet on each side first, then another three thin ones adjoining them on each side, and the remaining major portion of the body is footless.
Κάμπτονται δ’ οἱ μὲν πόδες πάντων εἰς τὸ πλάγιον, ὥσπερ καὶ τῶν ἐντόμων, αἱ δὲ χηλαί, ὅσα ἔχει χηλάς, εἰς τὸ ἐντός.
The feet of all of them bend to the side, just like those of insects, while the claws, in all those that have claws, bend inward.
Ἔχει δ’ ὁ κάραβος καὶ κέρκον, πτερύγια δὲ πέντε· καὶ ἡ καρὶς ἡ κυφὴ τὴν οὐρὰν καὶ πτερύγια τέτταρα.
The spiny lobster also has a tail, and five fins; and the humpbacked shrimp has a tail and four fins.
Ἔχει δὲ καὶ ἡ κραγγὼν πτερύγια ἐφ’ ἑκάτερα ἐν τῇ οὐρᾷ· τὸ δὲ μέσον αὐτῶν ἀμφότεραι ἀκανθῶδες, πλὴν αὗται μὲν πλατύ, ἡ δὲ κυφὴ ὀξύ.
The sand-shrimp also has fins on each side of its tail; and the middle part of these fins is spiny in both, except that in the former it is broad, but in the humpbacked shrimp it is sharp.
Ὁ δὲ καρκίνος μόνος τῶν τοιούτων ἀνορροπύγιον· καὶ τὸ σῶμα τὸ μὲν τῶν καρίδων καὶ τῶν καράβων πρόμηκες, τὸ δὲ τῶν καρκίνων στρογγύλον.
The crab alone of such creatures is tailless; and while the body of the shrimps and spiny lobsters is elongated, that of the crabs is round.
Διαφέρει δ’ ὁ κάραβος ὁ ἄρρην τῆς θηλείας· τῆς μὲν γὰρ θηλείας ὁ πρῶτος ποὺς δίκρους ἐστί, τοῦ δ’ ἄρρενος μῶνυξ, καὶ τὰ πτερύγια τὰ ἐν τῷ ὑπτίῳ ἡ μὲν θήλεια μεγάλα ἔχει καὶ ἐπαλλάττοντα πρὸς τῷ τραχήλῳ, ὁ δ’ ἄρρην ἐλάττω καὶ οὐκ ἐπαλλάττοντα· ἔτι τοῦ μὲν ἄρρενος ἐν τοῖς τελευταίοις ποσὶ μεγάλα καὶ ὀξέα ἐστὶν ὥσπερ πλῆκτρα, τῆς δὲ θηλείας ταῦτα μικρὰ καὶ λεῖα.
The male spiny lobster differs from the female; for in the female the first foot is forked, but in the male it is single-clawed; and as for the fins on the under side, the female has them large and overlapping near the neck, while the male has them smaller and not overlapping; furthermore, in the male there are on the last feet large and sharp processes like spurs, whereas in the female these are small and smooth.
Ὁμοίως δ’ ἔχουσιν ἀμφότερα κεραίας δύο πρὸ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν μεγάλας καὶ τραχείας, καὶ ἄλλα κεράτια μικρὰ ὑποκάτω λεῖα.
Similarly, both have two large and rough antennae in front of their eyes, and other small, smooth antennules underneath them.
Τὰ δ’ ὄμματα πάντων τούτων ἐστὶ σκληρόφθαλμα, καὶ κινεῖται καὶ ἐντὸς καὶ ἐκτὸς καὶ εἰς τὸ πλάγιον· ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τοῖς καρκίνοις τοῖς πλείστοις, καὶ ἔτι μᾶλλον.
The eyes of all of them are hard-eyed (compound), and move both inward and outward and to the side; and similarly in most crabs, and even more so.
Ὁ δ’ ἀστακὸς τὸ μὲν ὅλον ὑπόλευκον ἔχει τὸ χρῶμα, μέλανι δὲ διαπεπασμένον.
The lobster has its color on the whole whitish, speckled with black.
Ἔχει δὲ τοὺς μὲν ὑποκάτω πόδας τοὺς ἄχρι τῶν μεγάλων ὀκτώ, μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα τοὺς μεγάλους πολλῷ μείζους καὶ ἐξ ἄκρου πλατυτέρους ἢ ὁ κάραβος, ἀνωμάλους δ’ αὐτούς· ὁ μὲν γὰρ δεξιὸς τὸ πλατὺ τὸ ἔσχατον πρόμηκες ἔχει καὶ λεπτόν, ὁ δ’ ἀριστερὸς παχὺ καὶ στρογγύλον.
It has eight feet underneath up to the large ones, and after these the large ones, which are much larger and broader at the tip than those of the spiny lobster, and are asymmetrical; for the right one has its extreme flat part elongated and thin, whereas the left one has it thick and round.
Ἐξ ἄκρου δ’ ἑκάτερος ἐσχισμένος ὥσπερ σιαγὼν ὀδόντας ἔχων καὶ κάτωθεν καὶ ἄνωθεν, πλὴν ὁ μὲν δεξιὸς μικροὺς ἅπαντας καὶ καρχαρόδοντας, ὁ δ’ ἀριστερὸς ἐξ ἄκρου μὲν καρχαρόδοντας, τοὺς δ’ ἐντὸς ὥσπερ γομφίους, ἐκ μὲν τοῦ κάτω μέρους τέτταρας καὶ συνεχεῖς, ἄνωθεν δὲ τρεῖς καὶ οὐ συνεχεῖς.
Each of them is split at the tip like a jaw, having teeth both below and above; except that the right one has them all small and serrated, while the left one has serrated teeth at the tip, but those inside are like molars, four continuous ones on the lower part, and three non-continuous ones on the upper part.
Κινοῦσι δὲ τὸ ἄνω μέρος ἀμφότεροι, καὶ προσπιέζουσι πρὸς τὸ κάτω· βλαισοὶ δ’ ἀμφότεροι τῇ θέσει, καθάπερ πρὸς τὸ λαβεῖν καὶ πιέσαι πεφυκότες.
Both move the upper part and press it against the lower; and both are curved in their position, as if naturally adapted for grasping and squeezing.
Ἐπάνω δὲ τῶν μεγάλων ἄλλοι δύο δασεῖς, μικρὸν ὑποκάτω τοῦ στόματος, καὶ ὑποκάτω τούτων τὰ βραγχιώδη τὰ περὶ τὸ στόμα, δασέα καὶ πολλά.
Above the large claws are two other hairy feet, a little below the mouth, and underneath these are the gill-like appendages around the mouth, hairy and numerous.
Ταῦτα δ’ ἀεὶ διατελεῖ κινῶν· κάμπτει δὲ καὶ προσάγεται τοὺς δύο πόδας πρὸς τὸ στόμα τοὺς δασεῖς.
These it keeps constantly in motion; and it bends and brings the two hairy feet toward the mouth.
Ἔχουσι δὲ καὶ παραφυάδας λεπτὰς οἱ πρὸς τῷ στόματι πόδες.
The feet near the mouth also have thin appendages.