§3.3#2Συντέτρηνται μέντοι πᾶσαι αὗται πρὸς τὸν πλεύμονα, ἀλλ’ ἄδηλοι διὰ σμικρότητα τῶν πόρων πλὴν μιᾶς.
However, all of these [cavities] connect with the lung, but they are indistinct owing to the smallness of their passages, except for one.
Ἡ μὲν οὖν μεγάλη φλὲψ ἐκ τῆς μεγίστης ἤρτηται κοίλιας τῆς ἄνω καὶ ἐν τοῖς δεζιοῖς, εἶτα διὰ τοῦ κοίλου τοῦ μέσου τείνεται πάλιν φλέψ, ὡς οὔσης τῆς κοιλίας μορίου τῆς φλεβὸς ἐν ᾧ λιμνάζει τὸ αἷμα.
Now, the great vein is suspended from the largest cavity, which is at the top and on the right; then through the middle cavity a vein extends again, as if the cavity were a part of the vein in which the blood pools.
Ἡ δὲ ἀορτὴ ἀπὸ τῆς μέσης· πλὴν οὐχ οὕτως ἀλλὰ κατὰ στενωτέραν σύριγγα πολλῷ κοινωνεῖ.
The aorta arises from the middle one; however, it does not connect in this way but through a much narrower channel.
Καὶ ἡ μὲν φλὲψ διὰ τῆς καρδίας, εἰς δὲ τὴν ἀορτὴν ἀπὸ τῆς καρδίας τείνει.
And the vein extends through the heart, whereas the aorta extends from the heart.
Καὶ ἔστιν ἡ μὲν μεγάλη, φλὲψ ὑμενώδης καὶ δερματώδης, ἡ δ’ ἀορτὴ στενωτέρα μὲν ταύτης, σφόδρα δὲ νευρώδης· καὶ ἀποτεινομένη πόρρω πρός τε τὴν κεφαλὴν καὶ πρὸς τὰ κάτω μόρια στενή τε γίνεται καὶ νευρώδης πάμπαν.
And the great vein is membranous and skin-like, while the aorta is narrower than it but highly sinewy; and as it extends far towards the head and the lower parts, it becomes narrow and completely sinewy.
Τείνει δὲ πρῶτον μὲν ἄνω ἀπὸ τῆς καρδίας τῆς μεγάλης φλεβὸς μόριον πρὸς τὸν πλεύμονα καὶ τὴν σύναψιν τῆς ἀορτῆς, ἄσχιστος καὶ μεγάλη οὖσα φλέψ.
First, then, a part of the great vein extends upwards from the heart towards the lung and the junction of the aorta, being an undivided and large vein.
Σχίζεται δ’ ἀπ’ αὐτῆς μόρια δύο, τὸ μὲν ἐπὶ τὸν πλεύμονα, τὸ δ’ ἐπὶ τὴν ῥάχιν καὶ τὸν ὕστατον τοῦ τραχήλου σφόνδυλον.
Two parts split off from it: one to the lung, and the other to the spine and the last vertebra of the neck.
Ἡ μὲν οὖν ἐπὶ τὸν πλεύμονα τείνουσα φλὲψ εἰς διμερῆ ὄντ’ αὐτὸν διχῇ σχίζεται πρῶτον, εἶτα παρ’ ἑκάστην σύριγγα καὶ ἕκαστον τρῆμα τείνει, μείζων μὲν παρὰ τὰ μείζω, ἐλάττων δὲ παρὰ τὰ ἐλάττω, οὕτως ὥστε μηδὲν εἶναι μόριον λαβεῖν ἐν ᾧ οὐ τρῆμά τ’ ἔνεστι καὶ φλέβιον· τὰ γὰρ τελευταῖα τῷ μεγέθει ἄδηλα διὰ τὴν μικρότητά ἐστιν, ἀλλὰ πᾶς ὁ πλεύμων φαίνεται μεστὸς ὢν αἵματος.
Now the vein extending to the lung, which is bipartite, first splits in two, then extends along each tube and each passage, the larger along the larger and the smaller along the smaller, so that it is impossible to find any part in which there is not both a passage and a small vein; for the ultimate parts in size are invisible due to their smallness, but the entire lung appears to be full of blood.
Ἐπάνω δ’ οἱ ἀπὸ τῆς φλεβός εἰσι πόροι τῶν ἀπὸ τῆς ἀρτηρίας συρίγγων τεινουσῶν.
And the passages from the vein lie above the tubes extending from the windpipe.
Ἡ δ’ ἐπὶ τὸν σφόνδυλον τοῦ τραχήλου τείνουσα φλὲψ καὶ τὴν ῥάχιν πάλιν παρὰ τὴν ῥάχιν τείνει· ἣν καὶ Ὅμηρος ἐν τοῖς ἔπεσιν εἴρηκε ποιήσας
ἀπὸ δὲ φλέβα πᾶσαν ἔκερσεν,
ἥ τ’ ἀνὰ νῶτα θέουσα διαμπερὲς αὐχέν’ ἱκάνει. Ἀπὸ δὲ ταύτης τείνουσι παρά τε τὴν πλευρὰν ἑκάστην φλέβια καὶ πρὸς ἕκαστον τὸν σφόνδυλον, κατὰ δὲ τὸν ὑπὲρ τῶν νεφρῶν σφόνδυλον σχίζεται διχῇ.
The vein extending to the vertebra of the neck and the spine runs again along the spine; which Homer also mentioned in his verses, writing: "and he cut away the vein entire, which runs all up the back and reaches the neck." From this vein, small veins extend along each rib and towards each vertebra, and it splits in two at the vertebra above the kidneys.
Ταῦτα μὲν οὖν τὰ μόρια ἀπὸ τῆς μεγάλης φλεβὸς τοῦτον ἔσχισται τὸν τρόπον· ὑπεράνω δὲ τούτων ἀπὸ τῆς ἐκ τῆς καρδίας τεταμένης πάλιν ἡ ὅλη σχίζεται εἰς δύο τόπους.
These parts, then, are split from the great vein in this manner; but above these, from the vein extending from the heart, the whole splits again into two regions.
Αἱ μὲν γὰρ φέρουσιν εἰς τὰ πλάγια καὶ τὰς κλεῖδας, κἄπειτα διὰ τῶν μασχαλῶν τοῖς μὲν ἀνθρώποις εἰς τοὺς βραχίονας, τοῖς δὲ τετράποσιν εἰς τὰ πρόσθια σκέλη τείνουσι, τοῖς δὲ ὄρνισιν εἰς τὰς πτέρυγας, τοῖς δ’ ἰχθύσιν εἰς τὰ πτερύγια τὰ πρανῆ.
For some carry to the sides and the collar-bones, and then through the armpits they extend, in humans to the arms, in quadrupeds to the forelegs, in birds to the wings, and in fish to the pectoral fins.
Αἱ δ’ ἀρχαὶ τούτων τῶν φλεβῶν, ᾗ σχίζονται τὸ πρῶτον, καλοῦνται σφαγίτιδες· ᾗ δὲ σχίζονται εἰς τὸν αὐχένα ἀπὸ τῆς μεγάλης φλεβός, παρὰ τὴν ἀρτηρίαν τείνουσι τὴν τοῦ πλεύμονος· ὧν ἐπιλαμβανομένων ἐνίοτε ἔξωθεν ἄνευ πνιγμοῦ καταπίπτουσιν οἱ ἄνθρωποι μετ’ ἀναισθησίας, τὰ βλέφαρα συμβεβληκότες.
The origins of these veins, where they first split, are called jugulars; and where they split into the neck from the great vein, they extend along the windpipe of the lung; when these are grasped sometimes from the outside, humans fall down insensible without suffocation, with their eyelids closed.
Οὕτω δὲ τείνουσαι, καὶ μεταξὺ λαμβάνουσαι τὴν ἀρτηρίαν, φέρουσι μέχρι τῶν ὤτων, ᾗ συμβάλλουσιν αἱ γένυες τῆς κεφαλῆς.
Extending in this way, and holding the windpipe between them, they run as far as the ears, where the jaws join the head.
Πάλιν δ’ ἐντεῦθεν εἰς τέτταρας σχίζονται φλέβας, ὧν μία μὲν ἐπανακάμψασα καταβαίνει διὰ τοῦ τραχήλου καὶ τοῦ ὤμου, καὶ συμβάλλει τῇ πρότερον ἀποσχίσει τῆς φλεβὸς κατὰ τὴν τοῦ βραχίονος καμπήν, τὸ δ’ ἕτερον μόριον εἰς τὴν χεῖρα τελευτᾷ καὶ τοὺς δακτύλους· μία δ’ ἑτέρα ἀφ’ ἑκατέρου τοῦ τόπου τοῦ περὶ τὰ ὦτα ἐπὶ τὸν ἐγκέφαλον τείνει, καὶ σχίζεται εἰς πολλὰ καὶ λεπτὰ φλέβια εἰς τὴν καλουμένην μήνιγγα τὴν περὶ τὸν ἐγκέφαλον.
From there they split again into four veins, of which one bends back and goes down through the neck and the shoulder, and joins the previous division of the vein at the bend of the arm, while the other part ends in the hand and fingers; another one from each place around the ears extends to the brain, and splits into many fine small veins in the so-called membrane around the brain.
Αὐτὸς δ’ ὁ ἐγκέφαλος ἄναιμος πάντων ἐστί, καὶ οὔτε μικρὸν οὔτε μέγα φλέβιον τελευτᾷ εἰς αὐτόν.
But the brain itself is the most bloodless of all, and neither a small nor a large vein ends in it.
Τῶν δὲ λοιπῶν τῶν ἀπὸ τῆς φλεβὸς ταύτης σχισθεισῶν φλεβῶν αἱ μὲν τὴν κεφαλὴν κύκλῳ περιλαμβάνουσιν, αἱ δ’ εἰς τὰ αἰσθητήρια ἀποτελευτῶσι καὶ τοὺς ὀδόντας λεπτοῖς πάμπαν φλεβίοις.
Of the remaining veins split from this vein, some encompass the head in a circle, while others end in the sense-organs and the teeth in completely fine small veins.