§2.15Τὰ δ’ ἐντὸς πῶς ἔχει, λεκτέον ἐν τοῖς ἐναίμοις ζῴοις πρῶτον· τούτῳ γὰρ διαφέρει τὰ μέγιστα γένη πρὸς τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν ἄλλων ζῴων, τῷ τὰ μὲν ἔναιμα τὰ δ’ ἄναιμα εἶναι.
How the internal parts are situated must be spoken of first in the case of blooded animals; for by this the greatest genera differ from the rest of the other animals, namely by the fact that some are blooded and others bloodless.
Ἔστι δὲ ταῦτα ἄνθρωπός τε καὶ τὰ ζῳοτόκα τῶν τετραπόδων, ἔτι δὲ καὶ τὰ ᾠοτόκα τῶν τετραπόδων καὶ ὄρνις καὶ ἰχθὺς καὶ κῆτος, καὶ εἴ τι ἄλλο ἀνώνυμόν ἐστι διὰ τὸ μὴ εἶναι γένος ἀλλ’ ἁπλοῦν τὸ εἶδος ἐπὶ τῶν καθ’ ἕκαστον, οἷον ὄφις καὶ κροκόδειλος.
These are man, the viviparous quadrupeds, and further the oviparous quadrupeds, the bird, the fish, and the cetacean, and if there is any other that is nameless because there is no genus but only a simple species in individual cases, such as the snake and the crocodile.
Ὅσα μὲν οὖν ἐστὶ τετράποδα καὶ ζῳοτόκα, στόμαχον μὲν καὶ ἀρτηρίαν πάντ’ ἔχει, καὶ κείμενα τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον ὥσπερ ἐν τοῖς ἀνθρώποις· ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ ὅσα ᾠοτοκεῖ τῶν τετραπόδων, καὶ ἐν τοῖς ὄρνισιν· ἀλλὰ τοῖς εἴδεσι τῶν μορίων τούτων διαφέρουσιν.
Now, all those that are quadrupeds and viviparous have an esophagus and a trachea, situated in the same manner as in humans; likewise also all those of the quadrupeds that are oviparous, and among the birds; but they differ in the forms of these parts.
Ὅλως δὲ πάντα ὅσα τὸν ἀέρα δεχόμενα ἀναπνεῖ καὶ ἐκπνεῖ, πάντ’ ἔχει πνεύμονα καὶ ἀρτηρίαν καὶ στόμαχον, καὶ τὴν θέσιν τοῦ στομάχου καὶ τῆς ἀρτηρίας ὁμοίως, ἀλλ’ οὐχ ὅμοια, τὸν δὲ πλεύμονα οὔθ’ ὅμοιον οὔτε τῇ θέσει ὁμοίως ἔχοντα.
In general, all those that take in air and breathe in and out have a lung, a trachea, and an esophagus, and the position of the esophagus and the trachea is similar, though they are not identical, but they have the lung neither identical nor situated in a similar way.
Ἔτι δὲ καρδίαν ἅπαντ’ ἔχει ὅσα αἷμα ἔχει, καὶ τὸ διάζωμα, ὃ καλοῦνται φρένες· ἀλλ’ ἐν τοῖς μικροῖς διὰ λεπτότητα καὶ σμικρότητα οὐ φαίνεται ὁμοίως, πλὴν ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ.
Furthermore, all those that have blood have a heart, and the diaphragm, which is called phrenes; but in small animals, because of its thinness and smallness, it does not appear in a similar way except in the heart.
Ἴδιον δ’ ἐστὶν ἐπὶ τῶν βοῶν· ἔστι γάρ τι γένος βοῶν, ἀλλ’ οὐ πάντες, ὃ ἔχει ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ ὀστοῦν.
There is a peculiar feature in the case of cattle; for there is a certain breed of cattle, though not all, which has a bone in its heart.
Ἔχει δὲ καὶ ἡ τῶν ἵππων καρδία ὀστοῦν.
The heart of horses also has a bone.
Πλεύμονα δ’ οὐ πάντα, οἷον ἰχθὺς οὐκ ἔχει, οὐδ’ εἴ τι ἄλλο τῶν ζῴων ἔχει βράγχια.
But not all have a lung, as for instance the fish does not, nor does any other of the animals that have gills.
Καὶ ἧπαρ ἅπαντ’ ἔχει ὅσαπερ αἷμα.
And all those that have blood have a liver.
Σπλῆνα δὲ τὰ πλεῖστα ἔχει ὅσαπερ καὶ αἷμα.
And most of those that have blood also have a spleen.
Τὰ δὲ πολλὰ τῶν μὴ ζῳοτόκων ἀλλ’ ᾠοτόκων μικρὸν ἔχει τὸν σπλῆνα οὕτως ὥστε λανθάνειν ὀλίγου τὴν αἴσθησιν, ἔν τε τοῖς ὄρνισι τοῖς πλείστοις, οἷον ἐν περιστερᾷ καὶ ἰκτίνῳ καὶ ἱέρακι καὶ γλαυκί· ὁ δ’ αἰγοκέφαλος ὅλως οὐκ ἔχει.
But most of those that are not viviparous but oviparous have the spleen so small that it almost escapes perception, both in most birds, as in the dove, the kite, the hawk, and the owl; but the scops owl does not have it at all.
Καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ᾠοτόκων τόκων δὲ καὶ τετραπόδων τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον ἔχει· μικρὸν γὰρ πάμπαν ἔχουσι· καὶ ταῦτα, οἷον χελώνη, ἑμύς, φρύνη, σαῦρος, κροκόδειλος, βάτραχος.
And in the case of the oviparous quadrupeds it is in the same way; for they have it altogether small, and these are, for example, the tortoise, the pond turtle, the toad, the lizard, the crocodile, and the frog.
Χολὴν δὲ τῶν ζῴων τὰ μὲν ἔχει τὰ δ’ οὐκ ἔχει ἐπὶ τῷ ἥπατι.
As for the gall-bladder, some of the animals have it on the liver and some do not.
Τῶν μὲν ζῳοτόκων καὶ τετραπόδων ἔλαφος οὐκ ἔχει οὐδὲ πρόξ, ἔτι δὲ ἵππος, ὀρεύς, ὄνος, φώκη καὶ τῶν ὑῶν ἔνιοι.
Among the viviparous quadrupeds, the deer does not have it, nor the roe-deer, and further the horse, the mule, the donkey, the seal, and some of the pigs.
Τῶν δ’ ἐλάφων αἱ Ἀχαΐναι καλούμεναι δοκοῦσιν ἔχειν ἐν τῇ κέρκῳ χολήν· ἔστι δ’ ὃ λέγουσι τὸ μὲν χρῶμα ὅμοιον χολῇ, οὐ μέντοι ὅλον ὑγρὸν οὕτως, ἀλλ’ ὅμοιον τῷ τοῦ σπληνὸς τὰ ἐκτός.
Among deer, those called Achaiines seem to have gall in their tail; and what they say is similar in color to gall, but not entirely fluid in this way, but similar to the outer parts of the spleen.
Σκώληκας μέντοι πάντες ἔχουσιν ἐν τῇ κεφαλῇ ζῶντας· ἐγγίνονται δὲ ὑποκάτω τοῦ ὑπογλωττίου ἐν τῷ κοίλῳ καὶ περὶ τὸν σφόνδυλον, ᾗ ἡ κεφαλὴ προσπέφυκε, τὸ μέγεθος οὐκ ἐλάττους ὄντες τῶν μεγίστων εὐλῶν· ἐγγίνονται δ’ ἀθρόοι καὶ συνεχεῖς, τὸν ἀριθμὸν δ’ εἰσὶ μάλιστα περὶ εἴκοσι.
However, all have living worms in their head; they arise below the epiglottis in the cavity and around the vertebra where the head is attached, being in size not smaller than the largest maggots; they arise in clusters and continuously, and in number they are about twenty at most.
Χολὴν μὲν οὖν οὐκ ἔχουσιν οἱ ἔλαφοι, ὥσπερ εἴρηται· τὸ δ’ ἔντερον αὐτῶν ἐστὶ πικρὸν οὕτως ὥστε μηδὲ τοὺς κύνας ἐθέλειν ἐσθίειν, ἂν μὴ σφόδρα πίων ᾖ ὁ ἔλαφος.
So, the deer do not have a gall-bladder, as has been said; but their intestine is so bitter that not even dogs are willing to eat it, unless the deer is extremely fat.
Ἔχει δὲ καὶ ὁ ἐλέφας τὸ ἧπαρ ἄχολον μέν, τεμνομένου μέντοι περὶ τὸν τόπον οὗ τοῖς ἔχουσιν ἐπιφύεται ἡ χολή, ῥεῖ ὑγρότης χολώδης ἢ πλείων ἢ ἐλάττων.
The elephant also has a liver without a gall-bladder, but when it is cut around the place where the gall-bladder is attached in those that have it, a gall-like fluid flows out, either more or less.
Τῶν δὲ δεχομένων τὴν θάλατταν καὶ ἐχόντων πλεύμονα δελφὶς οὐκ ἔχει χολήν.
Among those that take in sea-water and have a lung, the dolphin does not have a gall-bladder.
Οἱ δ’ ὄρνιθες καὶ οἱ ἰχθύες πάντες ἔχουσι, καὶ τὰ ᾠοτόκα καὶ τετράποδα, καὶ ὡς ἐπίπαν εἰπεῖν ἢ πλείω ἢ ἐλάττω· ἀλλ’ οἱ μὲν πρὸς τῷ ἥπατι τῶν ἰχθύων, οἷον οἵ τε γαλεώδεις καὶ γλάνις καὶ ῥίνη καὶ λειόβατος καὶ νάρκη καὶ τῶν μακρῶν ἐγχέλυς καὶ βελόνη καὶ ζύγαινα.
But birds and fishes all have it, as do the oviparous quadrupeds, and to speak generally, more or less; but some of the fishes have it at the liver, such as the sharks, the catfish, the angel-shark, the smooth-skate, the torpedo, and among the long ones, the eel, the pipefish, and the hammerhead.
Ἔχει δὲ καὶ ὁ καλλιώνυμος ἐπὶ τῷ ἥπατι, ὅσπερ ἔχει μεγίστην τῶν ἰχθύων ὡς κατὰ μέγεθος.
The callionymus also has it at the liver, which has the largest gall-bladder among fishes in proportion to its size.
Οἱ δὲ πρὸς τοῖς ἐντέροις ἔχουσιν, ἀποτεταμένην ἀπὸ τοῦ ἥπατος πόροις ἐνίοις πάνυ λεπτοῖς.
Others have it at the intestines, extended from the liver by some very thin ducts.
Ἡ μὲν οὖν ἀμία παρὰ τὸ ἔντερον παρατεταμένην ἰσομήκη ἔχει, πολλάκις δὲ καὶ ἐπαναδίπλωμα· οἱ δ’ ἄλλοι πρὸς τοῖς ἐντέροις, οἱ μὲν πορρώτερον οἱ δ’ ἐγγύτερον, οἷον βάτραχος, ἔλλοψ, συναγρίς, σμύραινα, ξιφίας.
Thus the amia has it extended along the intestine and of equal length, and often even doubled back; but others have it at the intestines, some further away and some closer, such as the fishing-frog, the ellops, the synagris, the muraena, and the swordfish.
Πολλάκις δὲ καὶ τὸ αὐτὸ γένος ἐπ’ ἀμφότερα φαίνεται ἔχον, οἷον γόγγροι οἱ μὲν πρὸς τῷ ἥπατι, οἱ δὲ κάτω ἀπηρτημένην.
And often even the same genus appears to have it in both ways, such as conger eels, some at the liver, and others having it suspended below.
Ὁμοίως δ’ ἔχει τοῦτο καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ὀρνίθων· ἔνιοι γὰρ πρὸς τῇ κοιλίᾳ ἔχουσιν, οἱ δὲ πρὸς τοῖς ἐντέροις τὴν χολήν, οἷον περιστερά, κόραξ, ὄρτυξ, χελιδών, στρουθός.
It is similar also in the case of birds; for some have the gall-bladder at the stomach, and others at the intestines, such as the dove, the crow, the quail, the swallow, and the sparrow.
Ἔνιοι δ’ ἅμα πρὸς τῷ ἥπατι ἔχουσι καὶ πρὸς τῇ κοιλίᾳ, οἷον αἰγοκέφαλος, οἱ δ’ ἅμα πρὸς τῷ ἥπατι καὶ τοῖς ἐντέροις, οἷον ἱέραξ καὶ ἰκτῖνος.
And some have it at the same time at the liver and at the stomach, such as the scops owl, and others at the same time at the liver and at the intestines, such as the hawk and the kite.