§1.7Μέγιστα μὲν οὖν ἐστὶ τάδε τῶν μερῶν εἰς ἃ διαιρεῖται τὸ σῶμα τὸ σύνολον, κεφαλή, αὐχήν, θώραξ, βραχίονες δύο, σκέλη δύο, τὸ ἀπ’ αὐχένος μέχρι αἰδοίων κύτος, ὃ καλεῖται θώραξ.
Now the greatest of the parts into which the whole body is divided are these: head, neck, chest, two arms, two legs, and the trunk from the neck to the privy parts, which is called the chest.
Κεφαλῆς μὲν οὖν μέρη τὸ μὲν τριχωτὸν κρανίον καλεῖται.
Now of the head, the hairy part is called the skull.
Τούτου δὲ μέρη τὸ μὲν πρόσθιον βρέγμα, ὑστερογενές (τελευταῖον γὰρ τῶν ἐν τῷ σώματι πήγνυται ὀστῶν), τὸ δ’ ὀπίσθιον ἰνίον, μέσον δ’ ἰνίου καὶ βρέγματος κορυφή.
And of this, the front part is the bregma, which is late-developed (for it is the last of the bones in the body to solidify), the back part is the occiput, and the middle between the occiput and the bregma is the crown.
Ὑπὸ μὲν οὖν τὸ βρέγμα ὁ ἐγκέφαλός ἐστιν, τὸ δ’ ἰνίον κενόν.
Now under the bregma lies the brain, whereas the occiput is empty.
Ἔστι δὲ τὸ κρανίον ἅπαν ἀραιὸν ὀστοῦν, στρογγύλον, ἀσάρκῳ δέρματι περιεχόμενον.
The skull is entirely a thin bone, round, and covered with fleshless skin.
Ἔχει δὲ ῥαφὰς τῶν μὲν γυναικῶν μίαν κύκλῳ, τῶν δ’ ἀνδρῶν τρεῖς εἰς ἓν συναπτούσας ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολύ· ἤδη δ’ ὠμμένη ἐστὶ κεφαλὴ ἀνδρὸς οὐδεμίαν ἔχουσα ῥαφήν.
And it has sutures, in women one circular suture, and in men generally three meeting at one point; and indeed a man's head has already been seen which had no suture at all.
Τοῦ δὲ κρανίου κορυφὴ καλεῖται τὸ μέσον λίσσωμα τῶν τριχῶν.
And of the skull, that is called the 'crown' which is the center whorl of the hair.
Τοῦτο δ’ ἐνίοις διπλοῦν ἐστίν· γίνονται γάρ τινες δικόρυφοι, οὐ τῷ ὀστῷ ἀλλὰ τῇ τῶν τριχῶν λισσώσει.
This is double in some individuals; for some people are double-crowned, not by the bone but by the whorl of the hair.
§1.8Τὸ δ’ ὑπὸ τὸ κρανίον ὀνομάζεται πρόσωπον ἐπὶ μόνου τῶν ἄλλων ζῴων ἀνθρώπου· ἰχθύος γὰρ καὶ βοὸς οὐ λέγεται πρόσωπον.
The part under the skull is named the 'face' in man alone among all animals; for we do not speak of the 'face' of a fish or an ox.
Προσώπου δὲ τὸ μὲν ὑπὸ τὸ βρέγμα μεταξὺ τῶν ὀμμάτων μέτωπον.
And of the face, the part under the bregma and between the eyes is the forehead.
Τοῦτο δὲ οἷς μὲν μέγα, βραδύτεροι, οἷς δὲ μικρόν, εὐκίνητοι· καὶ οἷς μὲν πλατύ, ἐκστατικοί, οἷς δὲ περιφερές, θυμικοί.
Those in whom this is large are somewhat slow, while those with a small one are quick to move; and those who have a broad one are prone to distraction, while those with a rounded one are passionate.
§1.9Ὑπὸ δὲ τῷ μετώπῳ ὀφρύες διφυεῖς· ὧν αἱ μὲν εὐθεῖαι μαλακοῦ ἤθους σημεῖον, αἱ δὲ πρὸς τὴν ῥῖνα τὴν καμπυλότητ’ ἔχουσαι στρυφνοῦ, αἱ δὲ πρὸς τοὺς κροτάφους μωκοῦ καὶ εἴρωνος, αἱ δὲ κατεσπασμέναι φθόνου.
And under the forehead are two eyebrows; of which those that are straight are a sign of a gentle character, those that curve toward the nose a sign of a sour temper, those that curve toward the temples a sign of a mocking and ironic nature, and those that are drawn down a sign of envy.
Ὑφ’ αἷς ὀφθαλμοί.
Under these are the eyes.
Οὗτοι κατὰ φύσιν δύο.
These are by nature two.
Τούτων μέρη ἑκατέρου βλέφαρον τὸ ἄνω καὶ κάτω.
Of these, the parts of each are the upper and lower eyelid.
Τούτου τρίχες αἱ ἔσχαται βλεφαρίδες.
The hairs at the edge of this are the eyelashes.
Τὸ δ’ ἐντὸς τοῦ ὀφθαλμοῦ, τὸ μὲν ὑγρόν, ᾧ βλέπει, κόρη, τὸ δὲ περὶ τοῦτο μέλαν, τὸ δ’ ἐκτὸς τούτου λευκόν.
Of the inside of the eye, the moist part with which one sees is the pupil, and the part around this is the dark portion, while the part outside this is the white.
Κοινὸν δὲ τῆς βλεφαρίδος μέρος τῆς ἄνω καὶ κάτω κανθοὶ δύο, ὁ μὲν πρὸς τῇ ῥινί, ὁ δὲ πρὸς τοῖς κροτάφοις· οἳ ἂν μὲν ὦσι μακροί, κακοηθείας σημεῖον, ἐὰν δ’ οἷον οἱ κτένες κρεῶδες ἔχωσι τὸ πρὸς τῷ μυκτῆρι, πονηρίας.
The common boundary of the upper and lower eyelids is the two corners of the eye, one toward the nose, and the other toward the temples; if these are long, it is a sign of a bad disposition, and if the part toward the nostril is fleshy like bivalve-shells, it is a sign of wickedness.
Τὰ μὲν οὖν ἄλλα γένη πάντα τῶν ζῴων πλὴν τῶν ὀστρακοδέρμων καὶ εἴ τι ἄλλο ἀτελές, ἔχει ὀφθαλμούς· τὰ δὲ ζῳοτόκα πάντα πλὴν ἀσπάλακος.
Now indeed all other classes of animals, except the testaceans and any other imperfect creature, have eyes; and the viviparous ones all have them, except the mole.
Τοῦτον δὲ τρόπον μέν τιν’ ἔχειν ἂν θείη τις, ὅλως δ’ οὐκ ἔχειν.
And this creature one might suppose in a way to have eyes, but on the whole not to have them.
Ὅλως μὲν γὰρ οὔθ’ ὁρᾷ οὔτ’ ἔχει εἰς τὸ φανερὸν δήλους ὀφθαλμούς· ἀφαιρεθέντος δὲ τοῦ δέρματος ἔχει τήν τε χώραν τῶν ὀμμάτων καὶ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν τὰ μέλανα κατὰ τὸν τόπον καὶ τὴν χώραν τὴν φύσει τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς ὑπάρχουσαν ἐν τῷ ἐκτός, ὡς ἐν τῇ γενέσει πηρουμένων καὶ ἐπιφυομένου τοῦ δέρματος.
For on the whole it neither sees nor has eyes clearly visible on the surface; but when the skin is removed, it has both the place of the eyes and the dark parts of the eyes in their proper position, and the region which by nature belongs to the eyes on the exterior, as though they were stunted in development and the skin had grown over them.
§1.10Ὀφθαλμοῦ δὲ τὸ μὲν λευκὸν ὅμοιον ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ πᾶσιν, τὸ δὲ καλούμενον μέλαν διαφέρει· τοῖς μὲν γάρ ἐστι μέλαν, τοῖς δὲ σφόδρα γλαυκόν, τοῖς δὲ χαροπόν, ἐνίοις δὲ αἰγωπόν, ὃ ἤθους βελτίστου σημεῖον καὶ πρὸς ὀξύτητα ὄψεως κράτιστον.
Of the eye, the white part is for the most part similar in all, but what is called the dark part differs; for in some it is black, in others extremely blue-grey, in others amber-coloured, and in some goat-eyed, which is a sign of an excellent character and is best for sharpness of vision.
Μόνον δ’ ἢ μάλιστα τῶν ζῴων ἄνθρωπος πολύχρους τὰ ὄμματά ἐστιν· τῶν δ’ ἄλλων ἓν εἶδος· ἵπποι δὲ γίνονται γλαυκοὶ ἔνιοι.
Man alone, or chief among animals, has eyes of many colours; whereas of the others, there is but one kind; though some horses are blue-grey-eyed.
Τῶν δ’ ὀφθαλμῶν οἱ μὲν μεγάλοι, οἱ δὲ μικροί, οἱ δὲ μέσοι· οἱ μέσοι βέλτιστοι.
Of eyes, some are large, some small, and some of medium size; those of medium size are the best.
Καὶ ἢ ἐκτὸς σφόδρα ἢ ἐντὸς ἢ μέσως· τούτων οἱ ἐντὸς μάλιστα ὀξυωπέστατοι ἐπὶ παντὸς ζῴου, τὸ δὲ μέσον ἤθους βελτίστου σημεῖον.
And they are either very prominent, or deep-set, or in a moderate position; of these, the deep-set eyes are the sharpest-sighted in all animals, while the moderate position is a sign of an excellent character.
Καὶ ἢ σκαρδαμυκτικοὶ ἢ ἀτενεῖς ἢ μέσοι· βελτίστου δὲ ἤθους οἱ μέσοι, ἐκείνων δ’ ὁ μὲν ἀναιδὴς ὁ δ’ ἀβέβαιος.
They are also either blinking, or staring, or moderate; and those of moderate character are of the best disposition, whereas of the former two, the one is shameless, the other unstable.