§1.15Νώτου δὲ μέρη ὠμοπλάται δύο καὶ ῥάχις, ὑποκάτω δὲ κατὰ τὴν γαστέρα τοῦ θώρακος ὀσφύς.
The parts of the back are two shoulder-blades and the spine; and below, corresponding to the belly of the chest, are the loins.
Κοινὸν δὲ τοῦ ἄνω καὶ κάτω πλευραί, ἑκατέρωθεν ὀκτώ· περὶ γὰρ Λιγύων τῶν καλουμένων ἑπταπλεύρων οὐθενός πω ἀξιοπίστου ἀκηκόαμεν.
Common to both upper and lower parts are the ribs, eight on each side; for concerning the so-called seven-ribbed Ligurians we have never heard anything from any trustworthy source.
Ἔχει δ’ ὁ ἄνθρωπος καὶ τὸ ἄνω καὶ τὸ κάτω, καὶ πρόσθια καὶ ὀπίσθια, καὶ δεξιὰ καὶ ἀριστερά.
Man possesses both upper and lower parts, front and back, right and left.
Τὰ μὲν οὖν δεξιὰ καὶ ἀριστερὰ ὅμοια σχεδὸν ἐν τοῖς μέρεσι καὶ ταὐτὰ πάντα, πλὴν ἀσθενέστερα τὰ ἀριστερά· τὰ δ’ ὀπίσθια τοῖς προσθίοις ἀνόμοια, καὶ τὰ κάτω τοῖς ἄνω, πλὴν ὧδε ὅμοια, τὰ κάτω τοῦ ἤτρου οἷον τὸ πρόσωπον εὐσαρκίᾳ καὶ ἀσαρκίᾳ, καὶ τὰ σκέλη πρὸς τοὺς βραχίονας ἀντίκειται· καὶ οἷς βραχεῖς οἱ ἀγκῶνες, καὶ οἱ μηροὶ ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολύ, καὶ οἷς οἱ πόδες μικροί, καὶ αἱ χεῖρες.
Now, the right and left parts are nearly similar in their parts and entirely the same, except that the left parts are weaker; but the back parts are dissimilar to the front, and the lower to the upper, except in this way, that they are similar: namely, the parts below the abdomen are like the face in fleshiness and leaness, and the legs correspond to the arms; and those who have short forearms generally have short thighs, and those who have small feet have small hands.
Κώλου δὲ τὸ μὲν διφυὲς βραχίων· βραχίονος δὲ ὦμος, ἀγκών, ὠλέκρανον, πῆχυς, χείρ· χειρὸς δὲ θέναρ, δάκτυλοι πέντε· δακτύλου δὲ τὸ μὲν καμπτικὸν κόνδυλος, τὸ δ’ ἄκαμπτον φάλαγξ.
Of the limb, the double one is the arm; and of the arm, the parts are shoulder, elbow, elbow-tip, forearm, hand; and of the hand, the palm, five fingers; and of the finger, the bending part is the joint, the unbending part is the phalanx.
Δάκτυλος δ’ ὁ μὲν μέγας μονοκόνδυλος, οἱ δ’ ἄλλοι δικόνδυλοι.
The big finger is single-jointed, while the others are double-jointed.
Ἡ δὲ κάμψις καὶ τῷ βραχίονι καὶ τῷ δακτύλῳ εἴσω πᾶσιν· κάμπτεται δ’ ὁ βραχίων κατὰ τὸ ὠλέκρανον.
The bending, both in the arm and in the finger, is inward for all; and the arm bends at the elbow-tip.
Χειρὸς δὲ τὸ μὲν ἐντὸς θέναρ, σαρκῶδες καὶ διῃρημένον ἄρθροις, τοῖς μὲν μακροβίοις ἑνὶ ἢ δυσὶ δι’ ὅλου, τοῖς δὲ βραχυβίοις δυσὶ καὶ οὐ δι’ ὅλου.
Of the hand, the inner part is the palm, fleshy and divided by joints; in long-lived people by one or two extending all the way through, in short-lived by two and not all the way through.
Ἄρθρα δὲ χειρὸς καὶ βραχίονος καρπός.
The joint of the hand and the forearm is the wrist.
Τὸ δὲ ἔξω τῆς χειρὸς νευρῶδες καὶ ἀνώνυμον.
The outer part of the hand is sinewy and nameless.
Κώλου δὲ διμερὲς ἄλλο σκέλος.
Another two-part limb is the leg.
Σκέλους δὲ τὸ μὲν ἀμφικέφαλον μηρός, τὸ δὲ πλανησίεδρον μύλη, τὸ δὲ διόστεον κνήμη, καὶ ταύτης τὸ μὲν πρόσθιον ἀντικνήμιον, τὸ δ’ ὀπίσθιον γαστροκνημία, σὰρξ νευρώδης ἢ φλεβώδης, τοῖς μὲν ἀνεσπασμένη ἄνω πρὸς τὴν ἰγνύν, ὅσοι μεγάλα τὰ ἰσχία ἔχουσι, τοῖς δ’ ἐναντίως κατεσπασμένη· τὸ δ’ ἔσχατον ἀντικνημίου σφυρόν, διφυὲς ἐν ἑκατέρῳ τῷ σκέλει.
Of the leg, the double-headed part is the thigh, the easily shifting bone is the kneecap, the double-boned part is the shin, and of this, the front part is the shin-front, and the back part is the calf, which is sinewy or veiny flesh, drawn up toward the hollow of the knee in those who have large hips, but in others drawn down in the opposite direction; the extremity of the shin-front is the ankle, double in each leg.
Τὸ δὲ πολυόστεον τοῦ σκέλους πούς.
The many-boned part of the leg is the foot.
Τούτου δὲ τὸ μὲν ὀπίσθιον μέρος πτέρνα, τὸ δ’ ἐμπρόσθιον τοῦ ποδὸς τὸ μὲν ἐσχισμένον δάκτυλοι πέντε, τὸ δὲ σαρκῶδες κάτωθεν στῆθος, τὸ δ’ ἄνωθεν ἐν τοῖς πρανέσι νευρῶδες καὶ ἀνώνυμον.
Of this, the back part is the heel, and of the front of the foot, the split part is five toes, and the fleshy part underneath is the ball, and the upper part on the flat is sinewy and nameless.
Δακτύλου δὲ τὸ μὲν ὄνυξ, τὸ δὲ καμπή· πάντων δὲ ὁ ὄνυξ ἐπ’ ἄκρῳ· μονόκαμπτοι δὲ πάντες οἱ κάτω δάκτυλοι.
Of the toe, one part is the nail, and the other is the joint; in all, the nail is at the extremity; and all the lower toes have only a single bend.
Τοῦ δὲ ποδὸς ὅσοις τὸ ἐντὸς παχὺ καὶ μὴ κοῖλον, ἀλλὰ βαίνουσιν ὅλῳ, πανοῦργοι.
Of the foot, those whose inner part is thick and not hollow, but who walk on the whole of it, are knavish.
Κοινὸν δὲ μηροῦ καὶ κνήμης γόνυ καμπή.
The common part of thigh and shin is the knee, a bend.
Ταῦτα μὲν οὖν τὰ μέρη κοινὰ καὶ ἄρρενος καὶ θήλεος.
These parts, then, are common to both male and female.
Ἡ δὲ θέσις τῶν μερῶν πρὸς τὸ ἄνω καὶ κάτω καὶ πρόσθιον καὶ ὀπίσθιον καὶ δεξιὸν καὶ ἀριστερὸν ὡς ἔχει, φανερὰ μὲν ἂν εἶναι δόξειε τὰ ἔξωθεν κατὰ τὴν αἴσθησιν, οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ διὰ τὴν αὐτὴν αἰτίαν λεκτέον δι’ ἥνπερ καὶ τὰ πρότερον εἰρήκαμεν, ἵνα περαίνηται τὸ ἐφεξῆς, καὶ καταριθμουμένων ὅπως ἧττον λανθάνῃ τὰ μὴ τὸν αὐτὸν ἔχοντα τρόπον ἐπί τε τῶν ἄλλων ζῴων καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων.
How the position of the parts stands in relation to upper and lower, front and back, right and left, might seem to be obvious to perception from the outside; nevertheless, we must speak of them for the very same reason as we spoke of the former things, so that the sequence may be completed, and so that, when they are enumerated, there may be less risk of overlooking those things that do not have the same character in other animals as in humans.
Μάλιστα δ’ ἔχει διωρισμένα πρὸς τοὺς κατὰ φύσιν τόπους τὰ ἄνω καὶ κάτω ἄνθρωπος τῶν ἄλλων ζῴων· τά τε γὰρ ἄνω καὶ κάτω πρὸς τὰ τοῦ παντὸς ἄνω καὶ κάτω τέτακται.
Man, of all animals, has his upper and lower parts most clearly distinguished according to their natural positions; for his upper and lower parts are aligned with the upper and lower of the universe.
Τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον καὶ τὰ πρόσθια καὶ τὰ ὀπίσθια καὶ τὰ δεξιὰ καὶ τὰ ἀριστερὰ κατὰ φύσιν ἔχει.
In the same way, his front, back, right, and left parts are situated according to nature.
Τῶν δ’ ἄλλων ζῴων τὰ μὲν οὐκ ἔχει, τὰ δ’ ἔχει μὲν συγκεχυμένα δ’ ἔχει μᾶλλον.
Of other animals, some do not have them, while others have them but in a more confused state.
Ἡ μὲν οὖν κεφαλὴ πᾶσιν ἄνω πρὸς τὸ σῶμα τὸ ἑαυτῶν· ὁ δ’ ἄνθρωπος μόνος, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, πρὸς τὸ τοῦ ὅλου τελειωθεὶς ἔχει τοῦτο τὸ μόριον.
Now, the head in all is upper in relation to their own body; but man alone, as has been said, has this part perfected in relation to the universe.
Μετὰ δὲ τὴν κεφαλήν ἐστιν ὁ αὐχήν, εἶτα στῆθος καὶ νῶτον, τὸ μὲν ἐκ τοῦ πρόσθεν τὸ δ’ ἐκ τοῦ ὄπισθεν.
After the head is the neck, then chest and back, the former in front, the latter behind.
Καὶ ἐχόμενα τούτων γαστὴρ καὶ ὀσφὺς καὶ αἰδοῖον καὶ ἰσχίον, εἶτα μηρὸς καὶ κνήμη, τελευταῖον δὲ πόδες.
And next to these, belly, loins, pudendum, and hip, then thigh and shin, and finally feet.
Εἰς τὸ πρόσθεν δὲ καὶ τὰ σκέλη τὴν κάμψιν ἔχει, ἐφ’ ὃ καὶ ἡ πορεία, καὶ τῶν ποδῶν τὸ κινητικώτερον μέρος καὶ ἡ κάμψις· ἡ δὲ πτέρνα ἐκ τοῦ ὄπισθεν· τῶν δὲ σφυρῶν ἑκάτερον κατὰ τὸ οὖς.
The legs have their bending toward the front, in the direction of progression, and the more mobile part and the bending of the feet is also in this direction; but the heel is behind; and each of the ankles corresponds to the ear.
Ἐκ δὲ τῶν πλαγίων τῶν δεξιῶν καὶ τῶν ἀριστερῶν οἱ βραχίονες, τὴν κάμψιν ἔχοντες εἰς τὸ ἐντός, ὥστε τὰ κυρτὰ τῶν σκελῶν καὶ τῶν βραχιόνων πρὸς ἄλληλα εἶναι ἐπ’ ἀνθρώπου μάλιστα.
From the sides, right and left, are the arms, having their bending inward, so that the convex parts of the legs and arms are opposed to one another most of all in man.
Τὰς δ’ αἰσθήσεις καὶ τὰ αἰσθητήρια, ὀφθαλμοὺς καὶ μυκτῆρας καὶ γλῶτταν, ἐπὶ ταὐτὸ καὶ εἰς τὸ πρόσθιον ἔχει· τὴν δ’ ἀκοὴν καὶ τὸ αἰσθητήριον αὐτῆς καὶ τὰ ὦτα ἐκ τοῦ πλαγίου μέν, ἐπὶ τῆς αὐτῆς δὲ περιφερείας τοῖς ὄμμασιν.
He has his senses and their organs—eyes, nostrils, and tongue—in the same direction, namely toward the front; but hearing and its organ, the ears, on the side indeed, but on the same circumference as the eyes.
Τὰ δ’ ὄμματα ἐλάχιστον κατὰ μέγεθος διέστηκεν ἀνθρώπῳ τῶν ζῴων.
The eyes in man are separated by the least distance relative to body size of all animals.
Ἔχει δὲ ἀκριβεστάτην ἄνθρωπος τῶν αἰσθήσεων τὴν ἁφήν, δευτέραν δὲ τὴν γεῦσιν· ἐν δὲ ταῖς ἄλλαις λείπεται πολλῶν.
Of the senses, man has touch most accurate, and taste second; but in the others he falls short of many animals.