§1.16#1Τὰ μὲν οὖν μόρια τὰ πρὸς τὴν ἔξω ἐπιφάνειαν τοῦτον τέτακται τὸν τρόπον, καὶ καθάπερ ἐλέχθη, διωνόμασταί τε μάλιστα καὶ γνώριμα διὰ τὴν συνήθειάν ἐστιν· τὰ δ’ ἐντὸς τοὐναντίον.
Now, the parts facing the outer surface are arranged in this manner, and as has been said, they are especially well-named and familiar due to custom; but the internal parts are the opposite.
Ἄγνωστα γάρ ἐστι μάλιστα τὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ὥστε δεῖ πρὸς τὰ τῶν ἄλλων μόρια ζῴων ἀνάγοντας σκοπεῖν, οἷς ἔχει παραπλησίαν τὴν φύσιν.
For the internal parts of humans are especially unknown, so that we must examine them by referring them to the parts of other animals whose nature is similar.
Πρῶτον μὲν οὖν τῆς κεφαλῆς κεῖται τὴν θέσιν ἐν τῷ πρόσθεν ἔχων ὁ ἐγκέφαλος.
First, then, in the head, the brain is situated, having its position in the front.
Ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ζῴοις, ὅσα ἔχει τοῦτο τὸ μόριον· ἔχει δὲ ἅπαντα ὅσα ἔχει αἷμα, καὶ ἔτι τὰ μαλάκια·
This is likewise the case with other animals, as many as possess this part; and all those that have blood possess it, and also the molluscs.
κατὰ μέγεθος δ’ ὁμοίως ἔχει ἄνθρωπος πλεῖστον ἐγκέφαλον καὶ ὑγρότατον.
In proportion to its size, man possesses the largest and most moist brain.
Ὑμένες δὲ αὐτὸν δύο περιέχουσιν, ὁ μὲν περὶ τὸ ὀστοῦν ἰσχυρότερος, ὁ δὲ περὶ αὐτὸν τὸν ἐγκέφαλον ἥττων ἐκείνου.
Two membranes enclose it: the one around the bone is stronger, while the one around the brain itself is weaker than the former.
Διφυὴς δ’ ἐν πᾶσίν ἐστιν ὁ ἐγκέφαλος.
In all animals, the brain is double.
Καὶ ἐπὶ τούτου ἡ καλουμένη παρεγκεφαλὶς ἔσχατον, ἑτέραν ἔχουσα τὴν μορφὴν καὶ κατὰ τὴν ἁφὴν καὶ κατὰ τὴν ὄψιν.
And upon this, the so-called cerebellum is situated at the extremity, having a different form both to the touch and to the sight.
Τὸ δ’ ὄπισθεν τῆς κεφαλῆς κενὸν καὶ κοῖλον πᾶσιν, ὡς ἑκάστοις ὑπάρχει μεγέθους.
The back of the head is empty and hollow in all, according as size belongs to each of them.
Ἔνια μὲν γὰρ μεγάλην ἔχει τὴν κεφαλήν, τὸ δ’ ὑποκείμενον τοῦ προσώπου μόριον ἔλαττον, ὅσα στρογγυλοπρόσωπα· τὰ δὲ τὴν μὲν κεφαλὴν μικράν, τὰς δὲ σιαγόνας μακράς, οἷον τὸ τῶν λοφούρων γένος πᾶν.
For some have a large head, but the underlying part of the face is smaller, as many as are round-faced; while others have a small head but long jaws, as is the case with all the class of tufted-tailed animals.
Ἄναιμος δ’ ὁ ἐγκέφαλος ἅπασι, καὶ οὐδεμίαν ἔχων ἐν αὑτῷ φλέβα, καὶ θιγγανόμενος κατὰ φύσιν ψυχρός.
In all animals, the brain is bloodless, containing no vein within itself, and to the touch it is cold by nature.
Ἔχει δ’ ἐν τῷ μέσῳ ὁ τῶν πλείστων πᾶς κοῖλόν τι μικρόν.
And in most animals, the brain has a small cavity in its middle.
Ἡ δὲ περὶ αὐτὸν μῆνιγξ φλεβώδης· ἔστι δ’ ὑμὴν δερματικὸς ἡ μῆνιγξ ὁ περιέχων τὸν ἐγκέφαλον.
The membrane around it is veiny; and this membrane is a skin-like envelope enclosing the brain.
Ὑπὲρ δὲ τὸν ἐγκέφαλον λεπτότατον ὀστοῦν καὶ ἀσθενέστατον τῆς κεφαλῆς ἐστίν, ὃ καλεῖται βρέγμα.
Above the brain is the thinnest and weakest bone of the head, which is called the bregma.
Φέρουσι δ’ ἐκ τοῦ ὀφθαλμοῦ τρεῖς πόροι εἰς τὸν ἐγκέφαλον, ὁ μὲν μέγιστος καὶ ὁ μέσος εἰς τὴν παρεγκεφαλίδα, ὁ δ’ ἐλάχιστος εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν ἐγκέφαλον· ἐλάχιστος δ’ ἐστὶν ὁ πρὸς τῷ μυκτῆρι μάλιστα.
And three ducts lead from the eye to the brain: the largest and the middle one to the cerebellum, and the smallest to the brain itself; the smallest is the one closest to the nostril.
Οἱ μὲν οὖν μέγιστοι παρ’ ἀλλήλους εἰσὶ καὶ οὐ συμπίπτουσιν, οἱ δὲ μέσοι συμπίπτουσι (δῆλον δὲ τοῦτο μάλιστα ἐπὶ τῶν ἰχθύων)· καὶ γὰρ ἐγγύτερον οὗτοι τοῦ ἐγκεφάλου ἢ οἱ μεγάλοι· οἱ δ’ ἐλάχιστοι πλεῖστόν τε ἀπήρτηνται ἀλλήλων καὶ οὐ συμπίπτουσιν.
Now, the largest ducts run parallel to each other and do not meet, but the middle ones do meet (and this is most obvious in fish); for these are closer to the brain than the large ones; and the smallest are most separated from each other and do not meet.
Ἐντὸς δὲ τοῦ αὐχένος ὅ τε οἰσοφάγος καλούμενός ἐστιν, ἔχων τὴν ἐπωνυμίαν ἀπὸ τοῦ μήκους καὶ τῆς στενότητος, καὶ ἡ ἀρτηρία.
Inside the neck are the so-called esophagus, which has its name from its length and narrowness, and the windpipe.
Πρότερον δὲ τῇ θέσει ἡ ἀρτηρία κεῖται τοῦ οἰσοφάγου ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς ἔχουσιν αὐτήν· ἔχει δὲ ταύτην πάντα ὅσαπερ καὶ πνεύμονα ἔχει.
In position, the windpipe lies in front of the esophagus in all animals that possess it; and all those that have lungs possess it.
Ἔστι δ’ ἡ μὲν ἀρτηρία χονδρώδης τὴν φύσιν καὶ ὀλίγαιμος, πολλοῖς λεπτοῖς φλεβίοις περιεχομένη, κεῖται δ’ ἐπὶ μὲν τὰ ἄνω πρὸς τὸ στόμα κατὰ τὴν ἐκ τῶν μυκτήρων σύντρησιν εἰς τὸ στόμα, ᾗ καὶ ὅταν πίνοντες ἀνασπάσωσί τι τοῦ ποτοῦ, χωρεῖ ἐκ τοῦ στόματος διὰ τῶν μυκτήρων ἔξω.
The windpipe is cartilaginous in nature and has little blood, surrounded by many small veins; and at its upper end, it lies toward the mouth at the passage from the nostrils into the mouth, where, when they draw up some of the drink while drinking, it goes from the mouth out through the nostrils.