§1.1#1## ΠΕΡΙ ΤΑ ΖΩΙΑ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΩΝ Α.
ΤΩΝ ἐν τοῖς ζῴοις μορίων τὰ μέν ἐστιν ἀσύνθετα, ὅσα διαιρεῖται εἰς ὁμοιομερῆ, οἷον σάρκες εἰς σάρκας, τὰ δὲ σύνθετα, ὅσα εἰς ἀνομοιομερῆ, οἷον ἡ χεὶρ οὐκ εἰς χεῖρας διαιρεῖται οὐδὲ τὸ πρόσωπον εἰς πρόσωπα.
INQUIRIES ON ANIMALS, BOOK I Of the parts of animals, some are incomposite, being those that divide into homoeomerous parts, as flesh into flesh; while others are composite, being those that divide into non-homoeomerous parts, as the hand does not divide into hands, nor the face into faces.
Τῶν δὲ τοιούτων ἔνια οὐ μόνον μέρη ἀλλὰ καὶ μέλη καλεῖται.
Of the latter, some are called not only parts but also limbs.
Τοιαῦτα δ’ ἐστὶν ὅσα τῶν μερῶν ὅλα ὄντα ἕτερα μέρη ἔχει ἐν αὑτοῖς, οἷον κεφαλὴ καὶ σκέλος καὶ χεὶρ καὶ ὅλος ὁ βραχίων καὶ ὁ θώραξ· ταῦτα γὰρ αὐτά τέ ἐστι μέρη ὅλα, καὶ ἔστιν αὐτῶν ἕτερα μόρια.
Such are those parts which, being wholes, contain other parts within themselves, as the head, the leg, the hand, the whole arm, and the chest; for these are themselves whole parts, and there are other parts belonging to them.
Πάντα δὲ τὰ ἀνομοιομερῆ σύγκειται ἐκ τῶν ὁμοιομερῶν, οἷον χεὶρ ἐκ σαρκὸς καὶ νεύρων καὶ ὀστῶν.
All non-homoeomerous parts are composed of homoeomerous parts, as the hand is composed of flesh, sinews, and bones.
Ἔχει δὲ τῶν ζῴων ἔνια μὲν πάντα τὰ μόρια ταὐτὰ ἀλλήλοις, ἔνια δ’ ἕτερα.
Some animals have all their parts identical to one another, while others have different parts.
Ταὐτὰ δὲ τὰ μὲν εἴδει τῶν μορίων ἐστίν, οἷον ἀνθρώπου ῥὶς καὶ ὀφθαλμὸς ἀνθρώπου ῥινὶ καὶ ὀφθαλμῷ, καὶ σαρκὶ σὰρξ καὶ ὀστῷ ὀστοῦν· τὸν αὐτὸν δὲ τρόπον καὶ ἵππου καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ζῴων, ὅσα τῷ εἴδει ταὐτὰ λέγομεν ἑαυτοῖς· ὁμοίως γὰρ ὥσπερ τὸ ὅλον ἔχει πρὸς τὸ ὅλον, καὶ τῶν μορίων ἔχει ἕκαστον πρὸς ἕκαστον.
Of identical parts, some are identical in species, as a man's nose and eye are identical to another man's nose and eye, and flesh to flesh, and bone to bone; and in the same way with the horse and other animals, as many as we say are identical to one another in species; for just as the whole stands to the whole, so each of the parts stands to each.
Τὰ δὲ ταὐτὰ μέν ἐστιν, διαφέρει δὲ καθ’ ὑπεροχὴν καὶ ἔλλειψιν, ὅσων τὸ γένος ἐστὶ ταὐτόν.
Others are identical, but differ in excess and defect, being those whose genus is the same.
Λέγω δὲ γένος οἷον ὄρνιθα καὶ ἰχθύν· τούτων γὰρ ἑκάτερον ἔχει διαφορὰν κατὰ τὸ γένος, καὶ ἔστιν εἴδη πλείω ἰχθύων καὶ ὀρνίθων.
By genus I mean, for example, bird and fish; for each of these has a difference in respect of its genus, and there are several species of fish and birds.
Διαφέρει δὲ σχεδὸν τὰ πλεῖστα τῶν μορίων ἐν αὑτοῖς παρὰ τὰς τῶν παθημάτων ἐναντιώσεις, οἷον χρώματος καὶ σχήματος, τῷ τὰ μὲν μᾶλλον αὐτὰ πεπονθέναι τὰ δὲ ἧττον, ἔτι δὲ πλήθει καὶ ὀλιγότητι καὶ μεγέθει καὶ σμικρότητι καὶ ὅλως ὑπεροχῇ καὶ ἐλλείψει.
And most of their parts differ among themselves in respect of the oppositions of their properties, such as color and shape, in that some possess them in a greater degree and others in a lesser degree, and further in multitude and paucity, in greatness and smallness, and in general in excess and defect.
Τὰ μὲν γάρ ἐστι μαλακόσαρκα αὐτῶν τὰ δὲ σκληρόσαρκα, καὶ τὰ μὲν μακρὸν ἔχει τὸ ῥύγχος τὰ δὲ βραχύ, καὶ τὰ μὲν πολύπτερα τὰ δ’ ὀλιγόπτερά ἐστιν.
For some of them are soft-fleshed and others hard-fleshed, and some have a long beak and others a short one, and some are many-feathered and others few-feathered.
Οὐ μὴν ἀλλ’ ἔνιά γε καὶ ἐν τούτοις ἕτερα ἑτέροις μόρια ὑπάρχει, οἷον τὰ μὲν ἔχει πλῆκτρα τὰ δ’ οὔ, καὶ τὰ μὲν λόφον ἔχει τὰ δ’ οὐκ ἔχει.
Nay, even among these, some possess parts different from those of others, as some have spurs and others do not, and some have a crest and others do not.
Ἀλλ’ ὡς εἰπεῖν τὰ πλεῖστα καὶ ἐξ ὧν μερῶν ὁ πᾶς ὄγκος συνέστηκεν, ἢ ταὐτά ἐστιν ἢ διαφέρει τοῖς ἐναντίοις καὶ καθ’ ὑπεροχὴν καὶ ἔλλειψιν· τὸ γὰρ μᾶλλον καὶ ἧττον ὑπεροχὴν ἄν τις καὶ ἔλλειψιν θείη.
But, so to speak, most of the parts, and those out of which the whole mass is composed, are either identical or differ in their opposites and in excess and defect; for one might set down the "more" and "less" as excess and defect.
Ἔνια δὲ τῶν ζῴων οὔτε εἴδει τὰ μόρια ταὐτὰ ἔχει οὔτε καθ’ ὑπεροχὴν καὶ ἔλλειψιν, ἀλλὰ κατ’ ἀναλογίαν, οἷον πέπονθεν ὀστοῦν πρὸς ἄκανθαν καὶ ὄνυξ πρὸς ὁπλὴν καὶ χεὶρ πρὸς χηλὴν καὶ πρὸς πτερὸν λεπίς· ὃ γὰρ ἐν ὄρνιθι πτερόν, τοῦτο ἐν ἰχθύϊ ἐστὶ λεπίς.
Other animals have parts that are neither identical in species nor in excess and defect, but by analogy, as a bone is related to a fish-bone, a nail to a hoof, a hand to a claw, and a scale to a feather; for what a feather is in a bird, this a scale is in a fish.
Κατὰ μὲν οὖν μόρια ἃ ἔχουσιν ἕκαστα τῶν ζῴων, τοῦτόν τε τὸν τρόπον ἕτερά ἐστι καὶ ταὐτά, καὶ ἔτι τῇ θέσει τῶν μερῶν· πολλὰ γὰρ τῶν ζῴων ἔχει μὲν ταὐτὰ μέρη, ἀλλὰ κείμενα οὐχ ὡσαύτως, οἷον μαστοὺς τὰ μὲν ἐν τῷ στήθει τὰ δὲ πρὸς τοῖς μηροῖς.
With respect, then, to the parts which each of the animals possesses, they are in this way different and identical, and furthermore in the position of their parts; for many animals have the same parts, but not situated in the same way, as some have breasts on the chest, others near the thighs.
Ἔστι δὲ τῶν ὁμοιομερῶν τὰ μὲν μαλακὰ καὶ ὑγρά, τὰ δὲ ξηρὰ καὶ στερεά, ὑγρὰ μέν, ἢ ὅλως ἢ ἕως ἂν ᾖ ἐν τῇ φύσει, οἷον αἷμα, ἰχώρ, πιμελή, στέαρ, μυελός, γονή, χολή, γάλα ἐν τοῖς ἔχουσι, σάρξ τε καὶ τὰ τούτοις ἀνάλογον, ἔτι ἄλλον τρόπον τὰ περιττώματα, οἷον φλέγμα, καὶ τὰ ὑποστήματα τῆς κοιλίας καὶ κύστεως· ξηρὰ δὲ καὶ στερεὰ οἷον νεῦρον, δέρμα, φλέψ, θρίξ, ὀστοῦν, χόνδρος, ὄνυξ, κέρας (ὁμώνυμον γὰρ πρὸς τὸ γένος, ὅταν τῷ σχήματι καὶ τὸ ὅλον λέγηται κέρας), ἔτι ὅσα ἀνάλογον τούτοις.
Of the homoeomerous parts, some are soft and fluid, others dry and solid; fluid, either entirely or as long as they are in their natural state, as blood, lymph, fat, suet, marrow, semen, bile, milk in those that have it, flesh and what is analogous to these, and also in another way the waste products, such as phlegm, and the residues of the stomach and bladder; dry and solid, as sinew, skin, vein, hair, bone, cartilage, nail, horn (for this is homonymous in relation to the genus, whenever by its shape the whole is also called a horn), and further all that are analogous to these.