§2.44.
4.
Ἐπεὶ δὲ διώρισται πρότερον ὅτι τοῖς ἁπλοῖς σώμασιν ἐξ ἀλλήλων ἡ γένεσις, ἅμα δὲ καὶ κατὰ τὴν αἴσθησιν φαίνεται γινόμενα (οὐ γὰρ ἂν ἦν ἀλλοίωσις κατὰ γὰρ τὰ τῶν ἁπτῶν πάθη ἡ ἀλλοίωσίς ἐστιν), λεκτέον τίς ὁ τρόπος τῆς εἰς ἄλληλα μεταβολῆς, καὶ πότερον ἅπαν ἐξ ἅπαντος γίνεσθαι δυνατὸν ἢ τὰ μὲν δυνατὸν τὰ δ᾿ ἀδύνατον.
Since, then, it has been previously determined that for simple bodies generation is from one another, and at the same time it also appears by perception that they are generated (for otherwise there would not have been alteration, since alteration is in respect to the affections of tangible things), it must be told what is the manner of their mutual change, and whether it is possible for everything to be generated from everything, or possible for some but impossible for others.
ὅτι μὲν οὖν ἅπαντα πέφυκεν εἰς ἄλληλα μεταβάλλειν, φανερόν· ἡ γὰρ γένεσις εἰς ἐναντία καὶ ἐξ ἐναντίων, τὰ δὲ στοιχεῖα πάντα ἔχει ἐναντίωσιν πρὸς ἄλληλα διὰ τὸ τὰς διαφορὰς ἐναντίας εἶναι·
That all things, then, are by nature capable of changing into one another is manifest; for generation is into contraries and from contraries, and all the elements have contrariety toward one another because their differences are contrary.
τοῖς μὲν γὰρ ἀμφότεραι ἐναντίαι, οἷον πυρὶ καὶ ὕδατι (τὸ μὲν γὰρ ξηρὸν καὶ θερμόν, τὸ δ᾿ ὑγρὸν καὶ ψυχρόν), τοῖς δ᾿ ἡ ἑτέρα μόνον, οἷον ἀέρι καὶ ὕδατι (τὸ μὲν γὰρ ὑγρὸν καὶ θερμόν, τὸ δὲ ὑγρὸν καὶ ψυχρόν), ὥστε καθόλου μὲν φανερὸν ὅτι πᾶν ἐκ παντὸς γίνεσθαι πέφυκεν, ἤδη δὲ καθ᾿ ἕκαστον οὐ χαλεπὸν ἰδεῖν πῶς·
For to some both differences are contrary, as to fire and water (for the former is dry and hot, and the latter is wet and cold), while to others only one, as to air and water (for the former is wet and hot, and the latter is wet and cold). So that while in general it is manifest that everything is by nature capable of being generated from everything, yet now individually it is not difficult to see how.
ἅπαντα μὲν γὰρ ἐξ ἁπάντων ἔσται, διοίσει δὲ τῷ θᾶττον καὶ βραδύτερον καὶ τῷ ῥᾷον καὶ χαλεπώτερον.
For all things will be from all things, but they will differ by the faster and slower, and by the easier and harder.
ὅσα μὲν γὰρ ἔχει σύμβολα πρὸς ἄλληλα, ταχεῖα τούτων ἡ μετάβασις, ὅσα δὲ μὴ ἔχει, βραδεῖα, διὰ τὸ ῥᾷον εἶναι τὸ ἓν ἢ τὰ πολλὰ μεταβάλλειν, οἷον ἐκ πυρὸς μὲν ἔσται ἀὴρ θατέρου μεταβάλλοντος (τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἦν θερμὸν καὶ ξηρόν, τὸ δὲ θερμὸν καὶ ὑγρόν, ὥστε ἂν κρατηθῇ τὸ ξηρὸν ὑπὸ τοῦ ὑγροῦ, ἀὴρ ἔστα).
For those which have symbols toward one another, their transition is fast, but those which do not have them are slow, because of its being easier for one thing to change than many. For instance, from fire there will be air when one of the two qualities changes (for the former was hot and dry, and the latter hot and wet, so that if the dry is mastered by the wet, it will be air).
πάλιν δὲ ἐξ ἀέρος ὕδωρ, ἐὰν κρατηθῇ τὸ θερμὸν ὑπὸ τοῦ ψυχροῦ (τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἦν θερμὸν καὶ ὑγρόν, τὸ δὲ ψυχρὸν καὶ ὑγρόν, ὥστε μεταβάλλοντος τοῦ θερμοῦ ὕδωρ ἔστα).
Again, from air there will be water, if the hot is mastered by the cold (for the former was hot and wet, and the latter cold and wet, so that when the hot changes, it will be water).
τὸν αὐτὸν δὲ τρόπον καὶ ἐξ ὕδατος γῆ καὶ ἐκ γῆς πῦρ· ἔχει γὰρ ἄμφω πρὸς ἄμφω σύμβολα·
And in the same manner also from water there will be earth, and from earth fire; for both have symbols toward both.
τὸ μὲν γὰρ ὕδωρ ὑγρὸν καὶ ψυχρόν, ἡ δὲ γῆ ψυχρὸν καὶ ξηρόν, ὥστε κρατηθέντος τοῦ ὑγροῦ γῆ ἔσται.
For water is wet and cold, and earth is cold and dry, so that when the wet is mastered, it will be earth.
καὶ πάλιν ἐπεὶ τὸ μὲν πῦρ ξηρὸν καὶ θερμόν, ἡ δὲ γῆ ψυχρὸν καὶ ξηρόν, ἐὰν φθαρῇ τὸ ψυχρόν, πῦρ ἔσται ἐκ γῆς.
And again, since fire is dry and hot, and earth is cold and dry, if the cold is destroyed, there will be fire from earth.
Ὥστε φανερὸν ὅτι κύκλῳ τε ἔσται ἡ γένεσις τοῖς ἁπλοῖς σώμασι, καὶ ῥᾷστος οὗτος ὁ τρόπος τῆς μεταβολῆς διὰ τὸ σύμβολα ἐνυπάρχειν τοῖς ἐφεξῆς.
So that it is manifest that generation for the simple bodies will be in a circle, and this manner of change is easiest because of symbols being present in those that are consecutive.
ἐκ πυρὸς δὲ ὕδωρ καὶ ἐξ ἀέρος γῆν καὶ πάλιν ἐξ ὕδατος καὶ γῆς ἀέρα καὶ πῦρ ἐνδέχεται μὲν γίνεσθαι, χαλεπώτερον δὲ διὰ τὸ πλειόνων εἶναι τὴν μεταβολήν·
But from fire to water, and from air to earth, and again from water and earth to air and fire, is indeed possible to be generated, but harder because of the change being of more qualities.
ἀνάγκη γάρ, εἰ ἔσται ἐξ ὕδατος πῦρ, φθαρῆναι καὶ τὸ ψυχρὸν καὶ τὸ ὑγρόν, καὶ πάλιν εἰ ἐκ γῆς ἀήρ, φθαρῆναι καὶ τὸ ψυχρὸν καὶ τὸ ξηρόν.
For it is necessary, if there is to be fire from water, for both the cold and the wet to be destroyed, and again if air from earth, for both the cold and the dry to be destroyed.
ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ εἰ ἐκ πυρὸς καὶ ἀέρος ὕδωρ καὶ γῆ, ἀνάγκη ἀμφότερα μεταβάλλειν.
And likewise also if from fire and air there is to be water and earth, it is necessary for both to change.
αὕτη μὲν οὖν χρονιωτέρα ἡ γένεσις·
This generation, then, is more time-consuming.
ἐὰν δ᾿ ἑκατέρου φθαρῇ θάτερον, ῥᾴων μέν, οὐκ εἰς ἄλληλα δὲ ἡ μετάβασις, ἀλλ᾿ ἐκ πυρὸς μὲν καὶ ὕδατος ἔσται γῆ καὶ ἀήρ, ἐξ ἀέρος δὲ καὶ γῆς πῦρ καὶ ὕδωρ.
But if of each one of the two qualities is destroyed, it is indeed easier, but the transition is not into one another, but from fire and water there will be earth and air, and from air and earth fire and water.
ὅταν μὲν γὰρ τοῦ ὕδατος φθαρῇ τὸ ψυχρὸν τοῦ δὲ πυρὸς τὸ ξηρόν, ἀὴρ ἔσται (λείπεται γὰρ τοῦ μὲν τὸ θερμὸν τοῦ δὲ τὸ ὑγρόν), ὅταν δὲ τοῦ μὲν πυρὸς τὸ θερμὸν τοῦ δ᾿ ὕδατος τὸ ὑγρόν, γῆ διὰ τὸ λείπεσθαι τοῦ μὲν τὸ ξηρὸν τοῦ δὲ τὸ ψυχρόν.
For when of water the cold is destroyed and of fire the dry, there will be air (for there is left of the former the hot and of the latter the wet), but when of fire the hot and of water the wet, there will be earth because of there being left of the former the dry and of the latter the cold.
ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ ἐξ ἀέρος καὶ γῆς πῦρ καὶ ὕδωρ· ὅταν μὲν γὰρ τοῦ ἀέρος φθαρῇ τὸ θερμὸν τῆς δὲ γῆς τὸ ξηρόν, ὕδωρ ἔσται (λείπεται γὰρ τοῦ μὲν τὸ ὑγρὸν τῆς δὲ τὸ ψυχρόν), ὅταν δὲ τοῦ μὲν ἀέρος τὸ ὑγρὸν τῆς δὲ γῆς τὸ ψυχρόν, πῦρ διὰ τὸ λείπεσθαι τοῦ μὲν τὸ θερμὸν τῆς δὲ τὸ ξηρόν, ἅπερ ἦν πυρός.
And likewise also from air and earth fire and water; for when of air the hot is destroyed and of earth the dry, there will be water (for there is left of the former the wet and of the latter the cold), but when of air the wet and of earth the cold, there will be fire because of there being left of the former the hot and of the latter the dry, which were those of fire.
ὁμολογουμένη δὲ καὶ τῇ αἰσθήσει ἡ τοῦ πυρὸς γένεσις· μάλιστα μὲν γὰρ πῦρ ἡ φλόξ, αὕτη δ᾿ ἐστὶ καπνὸς καιόμενος, ὁ δὲ καπνὸς ἐξ ἀέρος καὶ γῆς.
And the generation of fire is also in agreement with perception; for flame is preeminently fire, and this is burning smoke, and smoke is from air and earth.
Ἐν δὲ τοῖς ἐφεξῆς οὐκ ἐνδέχεται φθαρέντος ἐν ἑκατέρῳ θατέρου τῶν στοιχείων γενέσθαι μετάβασιν εἰς οὐδὲν τῶν σωμάτων διὰ τὸ λείπεσθαι ἐν ἀμφοῖν ἢ ταὐτὰ ἢ τἀναντία.
But in those that are consecutive it is not possible, when of each one of the two qualities is destroyed, for a transition to be generated into any of the bodies, because of there being left in both either the same qualities or contrary ones.
ἐξ οὐδετέρων δὲ ἐγχωρεῖ γίνεσθαι σῶμα, οἷον εἰ τοῦ μὲν πυρὸς φθαρείη τὸ ξηρόν, τοῦ δ᾿ ἀέρος τὸ ὑγρόν·
And from neither is it possible for a body to be generated, as for instance if of fire the dry should be destroyed, and of air the wet; for there is left in both the hot.
λείπεται γὰρ ἐν ἀμφοῖν τὸ θερμόν· ἐὰν δ᾿ ἐξ ἑκατέρου τὸ θερμόν, λείπεται τἀναντία, ξηρὸν καὶ ὑγρόν.
And if from each the hot, there are left the contraries, dry and wet.
ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἄλλοις· ἐν ἅπασι γὰρ τοῖς ἐφεξῆς ἐνυπάρχει τὸ μὲν ταὐτὸ τὸ δ᾿ ἐναντίον.
And likewise also in the others; for in all consecutive things there is present the one which is the same and the other which is contrary.
ὥσθ᾿ ἅμα δῆλον ὅτι τὰ μὲν ἐξ ἑνὸς εἰς ἓν μεταβαίνοντα ἑνὸς φθαρέντος γίνεται, τὰ δ᾿ ἐκ δυοῖν εἰς ἓν πλειόνων.
So that it is at the same time clear that those changing from one to one are generated when one quality is destroyed, while those from two to one are generated when more are destroyed.
ὅτι μὲν οὖν ἅπαντα ἐκ παντὸς γίνεται, καὶ τίνα τρόπον εἰς ἄλληλα μετάβασις γίνεται, εἴρηται.
That all things, then, are generated from all, and in what manner their mutual transition is generated, has been said.