§5.1#2συμβαίνουσι γὰρ καὶ καθεύδουσιν αἰσθήσεις τοῖς ζῴοις, οὐ μόνον τὰ καλούμενα ἐνύπνια, ἀλλὰ καὶ παρὰ τὸ ἐνύπνιον, καθάπερ τοῖς ἀνισταμένοις καθεύδουσι καὶ πολλὰ πράττειν ἄνευ τοῦ ἐνυπνιάζειν.
For sensations happen to animals even when sleeping, not only the so-called dreams, but also besides the dream, just as it happens to those who rise while sleeping and do many things without dreaming.
εἰσὶ γάρ τινες ὃ καθεύδοντες ἀνίστανται καὶ πορεύονται βλέποντες ὥσπερ οἱ ἐγρηγορότες.
For there are some who rise while sleeping and walk, seeing just as those who are awake.
τούτοις γὰρ γίνεται τῶν συμβαινόντων αἴσθησις, οὐκ ἐγρηγορόσι μέν, οὐ μέντοι ὡς ἐνύπνιον.
For to these there comes to be a sensation of what is happening, not indeed as being awake, but yet not as a dream.
τὰ δὲ παιδία ἐοίκασιν, ὥσπερ ἀνεπιστήμονα τοῦ ἐγρηγορέναι, διὰ συνήθειαν ἐν τῷ καθεύδειν αἰσθάνεσθαι καὶ ζῆν.
And children seem, as if ignorant of being awake, to sense and live in sleeping because of habit.
προϊόντος δὲ τοῦ χρόνου, καὶ τῆς αὐξήσεως εἰς τὸ κάτω μεταβαινούσης, ἐγείρονταί τε μᾶλλον ἤδη, καὶ τὸν πλείω χρόνον οὕτω διάγουσιν.
But as time progresses, and the growth shifts to the lower part, they wake more already, and spend most of their time in this way.
μᾶλλον δὲ τῶν ἄλλων ζῴων ἐν ὕπνῳ τὸ πρῶτον διατελοῦσιν· ἀτελέστατα γὰρ γεννᾶται τῶν τετελεσμένων, καὶ τὴν αὔξησιν ἔχοντα μάλιστα ἐπὶ τὸ ἄνω μέρος τοῦ σώματος.
And they continue at first in sleep more than other animals; for they are born most incomplete of the complete ones, and have their growth especially towards the upper part of the body.
γλαυκότερα δὲ τὰ ὄμματα τῶν παιδίων εὐθὺς γεννωμένων ἐστὶ πάντων, ὕστερον δὲ μεταβάλλει πρὸς τὴν ὑπάρχειν μέλλουσαν φύσιν αὐτοῖς· ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν ἄλλων ζῴων οὐ συμβαίνει τοῦτ᾽ ἐπιδήλως.
And the eyes of children immediately born are all bluer, but later they change to the nature that is going to belong to them; but in other animals this does not happen in an obvious way.
τούτου μὲν οὖν αἴτιον τὸ μονόχροα τὰ ὄμματα τῶν ἄλλων εἶναι μᾶλλον, οἷον οἱ βόες μελανόφθαλμοι, τὸ δὲ τῶν προβάτων ὑδαρὲς πάντων, τῶν δὲ χαροπὸν ὅλον τὸ γένος ἢ γλαυκόν, ἔνια δ᾽ αἰγωπά, καθάπερ καὶ τὸ τῶν αἰγῶν αὐτὸ πλῆθος.
Now the cause of this is that the eyes of the others are rather of a single color, for instance, oxen are dark-eyed, and those of sheep are all watery, and of some the whole genus is amber-colored or blue, and some are goat-eyed, just as the multitude of goats themselves.
τὰ δὲ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ὄμματα πολύχροα συμβέβηκεν εἶναι· καὶ γὰρ γλαυκοὶ καὶ χαροποὶ καὶ μελανόφθαλμοί τινές εἰσιν, οἱ δ᾽ αἰγωποί.
But the eyes of men happen to be of many colors; for indeed some are blue, some amber-colored, some dark-eyed, and others goat-eyed.
διὸ καὶ ὥσπερ οὐδ᾽ ἀλλήλων διαφέρουσιν, οὕτως οὐδ᾽ αὐτὰ αὑτῶν· οὐ γὰρ πέφυκε πλείω μιᾶς ἴσχειν.
Wherefore, just as they do not differ from one another, so they do not differ in themselves; for they are not of a nature to have more than one color.
μάλιστα δὲ τῶν ἄλλων ζῴων ἵππος πολύχρων ἐστίν· καὶ γὰρ ἑτερόγλαυκοί τινες αὐτῶν γίνονται.
But of the other animals, the horse is most of all of many colors; for some of them become wall-eyed.
τοῦτο δὲ τῶν μὲν ἄλλων οὐθὲν πάσχει ζῴων ἐπιδήλως, ἄνθρωποι δὲ γίνονταί τινες ἑτερόγλαυκοι.
And none of the other animals suffers this in an obvious way, but some men become wall-eyed.
τοῦ μὲν οὖν τἆλλα ζῷα νέα ὄντα καὶ πρεσβύτερα μηθὲν ἐπίδηλον μεταβάλλειν, ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν παιδίων τοῦτο συμβαίνειν, ἱκανὴν οἰητέον αἰτίαν εἶναι καὶ ταύτην, ὅτι τῶν μὲν μονόχρων τῶν δὲ πολύχρων τὸ μόριόν ἐστιν· τοῦ δὲ γλαυκότερα καὶ μὴ χρόαν ἄλλην ἴσχειν αἴτιον ὅτι ἀσθενέστερα τὰ μόρια τῶν νέων, ἀσθένεια δέ τις ἡ γλαυκότης.
Now, as for the other animals not changing in any obvious way when they are young and older, but this happening in the case of children, we must suppose that this also is a sufficient cause, namely that in the one case the part is of a single color, and in the other of many colors; and the cause of their being bluer and not having another color is that the parts of the young are weaker, and blueness is a kind of weakness.
δεῖ δὲ λαβεῖν καθόλου περὶ τῆς διαφορᾶς τῶν ὀμμάτων, διὰ τίν᾽ αἰτίαν τὰ μὲν γλαυκὰ τὰ δὲ χαροπὰ τὰ δ᾽ αἰγωπὰ τὰ δὲ μελανόμματ᾽ ἐστίν.
But we must grasp generally concerning the difference of eyes, for what cause some are blue, some amber-colored, some goat-eyed, and others dark-eyed.
τὸ μὲν οὖν ὑπολαμβάνειν τὰ μὲν γλαυκὰ πυρώδη, καθάπερ Ἐμπεδοκλῆς φησί, τὰ δὲ μέλανα πλεῖον ὕδατος ἔχειν ἢ πυρός, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο τὰ μὲν ἡμέρας οὐκ ὀξὺ βλέπειν, τὰ γλαυκά, δι᾽ ἔνδειαν ὕδατος, θάτερα δὲ νύκτωρ δι᾽ ἔνδειαν πυρός, οὐ λέγεται καλῶς, εἴπερ μὴ πυρὸς τὴν ὄψιν θετέον ἀλλ᾽ ὕδατος πᾶσιν.
To suppose, then, that blue eyes are fiery, as Empedocles says, and that dark ones have more of water than of fire, and that because of this the blue ones do not see keenly by day because of a lack of water, and the others by night because of a lack of fire, is not well said, if indeed we must place sight as of water for all, and not of fire.
ἔτι δ᾽ ἐνδέχεται τῶν χρωμάτων τὴν αἴτιαν ἀποδοῦναι καὶ κατ᾽ ἄλλον τρόπον· ἀλλ᾽ εἴπερ ἐστὶν ὥσπερ ἐλέχθη πρότερον ἐν τοῖς περὶ τὰς αἰσθήσεις καὶ τούτων ἔτι πρότερον ἐν τοῖς περὶ ψυχῆς διωρισμένοις, καὶ ὅτι ὕδατος, καὶ δι᾽ ἣν αἰτίαν ὕδατος ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἀέρος ἢ πυρὸς τὸ αἰσθητήριον τοῦτ᾽ ἐστί, ταύτην αἰτίαν ὑποληπτέον εἶναι τῶν εἰρημένων.
And further it is possible to render the cause of the colors in another way also; but if indeed it is as was said before in the discussions concerning sensations, and still before those in the discussions concerning the soul, both that it is of water, and for what cause this sensory organ is of water and not of air or of fire, we must suppose this to be the cause of what has been said.
οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἔχουσι τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν πλέον ὑγρόν, οἱ δ᾽ ἔλαττον τῆς συμμέτρου κινήσεως, οἱ δὲ σύμμετρον.
For some have more fluid in their eyes, and others less than the proportionate movement, and others a proportionate amount.
τὰ μὲν οὖν ἔχοντα τῶν ὀμμάτων πολὺ τὸ ὑγρὸν μελανόμματά ἐστι διὰ τὸ μὴ εὐδίοπτ᾽ εἶναι τὰ πολλά, γλαυκὰ δὲ τὰ ὀλίγον, καθάπερ φαίνεται καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς θαλάττης· τὸ μὲν γὰρ εὐδίοπτον αὐτῆς γλαυκὸν φαίνεται, τὸ δ᾽ ἧττον ὑδατῶδες, τὸ δὲ μὴ διωρισμένον διὰ βάθος μέλαν καὶ κυανοειδές.
Those eyes, then, that have much fluid are dark-eyed because the large amount is not easy to see through, and those with little are blue, just as appears also on the sea; for the part of it that is easy to see through appears blue, but that which is less so appears watery, and that which is not defined because of depth appears dark and deep blue.
τὰ δὲ μεταξὺ τῶν ὀμμάτων τούτων τῷ μᾶλλον ἤδη διαφέρει καὶ ἧττον.
And those between these eyes differ already by the more and less.
τὴν δ᾽ αὐτὴν αἰτίαν οἰητέον καὶ τοῦ τὰ μὲν γλαυκὰ μὴ εἶναι ὀξυωπὰ τῆς ἡμέρας, τὰ δὲ μελανόμματα τῆς νυκτός.
And we must suppose the same cause also for the blue eyes not being sharp-sighted by day, and the dark-eyed by night.
τὰ μὲν γὰρ γλαυκὰ δι᾽ ὀλιγότητα τοῦ ὑγροῦ κινεῖται μᾶλλον ὑπὸ τοῦ φωτὸς καὶ τῶν ὁρατῶν, ᾗ ὑγρὸν καὶ ᾗ διαφανές.
For the blue ones, because of the smallness of the fluid, are moved more by light and visible things, insofar as it is fluid and insofar as it is transparent.
ἔτι δ᾽ ἡ τούτου τοῦ μορίου κίνησις ὅρασις, ᾗ διαφανές, ἀλλ᾽ ούχ ιἧ ὑγρόν.
And further, the movement of this part is sight, insofar as it is transparent, but not insofar as it is fluid.
τὰ δὲ μελανόμματα διὰ πλῆθος τοῦ ὑγροῦ ἧττον κινεῖται.
But the dark-eyed, because of the abundance of the fluid, are moved less.
ἀσθενὲς γὰρ τὸ νυκτερινὸν φῶς· ἅμα γὰρ καὶ δυσκίνητον ἐν τῇ νυκτὶ ὅλως γίγνεται τὸ ὑγρόν.
For the nocturnal light is weak; for at the same time the fluid in the night altogether becomes difficult to move.
δεῖ δὲ οὔτε μὴ κινεῖσθαι αὐτό, οὔτε μᾶλλον ἢ ᾗ διαφανές· ἐκκρούει γὰρ ἡ ἰσχυροτέρα κίνησις τὴν ἀσθενεστέραν.
But it must neither not be moved, nor be moved more than insofar as it is transparent; for the stronger movement knocks out the weaker.
διὸ καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ἰσχυρῶν χρωμάτων μεταβάλλοντες οὐχ ὁρῶσι, καὶ ἐκ τοῦ ἡλίου εἰς τὸ σκότος ἰόντες· ἰσχυρὰ γὰρ οὖσα ἡ ἐνυπάρχουσα κίνησις κωλύει τὴν θύραθεν, καὶ ὅλως οὔτε σθένουσα οὔτε ἀσθενὴς ὄψις τὰ λαμπρὰ δύναται ὁρᾶν διὰ τὸ πάσχειν τι μᾶλλον καὶ κινεῖσθαι τὸ ὑγρόν, δηλοῖ δὲ καὶ τὰ ἀρρωστήματα τῆς ὄψεως ἑκατέρας.
Wherefore also, when changing from strong colors they do not see, and when going from the sun into the dark; for the movement present in them, being strong, prevents that from without, and in general, sight, whether strong or weak, cannot see bright things because the fluid suffers something more and is moved, as the affections of each sight also show.