§5.1#1Περὶ δὲ τῶν παθημάτων οἷς διαφέρουσι τὰ μόρια τῶν ζῴων θεωρητέον νῦν.
We must now consider the affections by which the parts of animals differ.
λέγω δὲ τὰ τοιαῦτα παθήματα τῶν μορίων, οἷον γλαυκότητα ὀμμάτων καὶ μελανίαν, καὶ φωνῆς ὀξύτητα καὶ βαρύτητα, καὶ χρώματος [ἢ σώματος] καὶ τριχῶν ἢ πτερῶν διαφοράν.
By such affections of the parts I mean, for example, blueness or blackness of eyes, highness or lowness of voice, and differences of color [or of the body], of hair, or of feathers.
τυγχάνει δὲ τῶν τοιούτων ἔνια μὲν ὅλοις ὑπάρχοντα τοῖς γένεσιν, ἐνίοις δ᾽ ὅπως ἔτυχεν, οἷον μάλιστ᾽ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων τοῦτο συμβέβηκεν.
Some of these happen to belong to whole genera, while in others they occur as it may chance, as has happened especially in the case of men.
ἔτι δὲ κατὰ τὰς τῆς ἡλικίας μεταβολὰς τὰ μὲν πᾶσιν ὁμοίως ὑπάρχει τοῖς ζῴοις, τὰ δ᾽ ὑπεναντίως, ὥσπερ περί τε φωνὰς καὶ περὶ τριχῶν χρόαν· τὰ μὲν γὰρ οὐ πολιοῦται πρὸς τὸ γῆρας ἐπιδήλως, ὁ δ᾽ ἄνθρωπος μάλιστα τοῦτο πάσχει τῶν ἄλλων ζῴων.
Furthermore, with the changes of age, some belong to all animals alike, but others in opposite ways, as concerning voices and the color of hair; for some do not turn gray in an obvious way towards old age, but man suffers this most of all other animals.
καὶ τὰ μὲν εὐθὺς ἀκολουθεῖ γενομένοις, τὰ δε προϊούσης τῆς ἡλικίας γίνεται δῆλα καὶ γηρασκόντων.
And some accompany them immediately upon being born, while others become clear as age progresses and they grow old.
περὶ δὲ τούτων καὶ τῶν τοιούτων πάντων οὐκέτι τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον δεῖ νομίζειν εἶναι τῆς αἰτίας.
Now, concerning all these and such things, we must no longer suppose that the cause is of the same kind.
ὅσα γὰρ μὴ τῆς φύσεως ἔργα κοινῇ μηδ᾽ ἴδια τοῦ γένους ἑκάστου, τούτων οὐθὲν ἕνεκά του τοιοῦτον οὔτ᾽ ἔστιν οὔτε γίνεται.
For of those things that are not the works of nature, either in common or proper to each genus, none of them exists or comes to be for the sake of something.
ὀφθαλμὸς μὲν γὰρ ἕνεκά του, γλαυκὸς δ᾽ οὐχ ἕνεκά του, πλὴν ἂν ἴδιον ιἦ τοῦ γένους τοῦτο τὸ πάθος.
For an eye is for the sake of something, but a blue eye is not for the sake of something, unless this affection is proper to the genus.
οὔτε δ᾽ ἐπ᾽ ἐνίων πρὸς τὸν λόγον συντείνει τὸν τῆς οὐσίας, ἀλλ᾽ ὡς ἐξ ἀνάγκης γιγνομένων εἰς τὴν ὕλην καὶ τὴν κινήσασαν ἀρχὴν ἀνακτέον τὰς αἰτίας.
Nor in some cases does it contribute to the formula of the substance, but we must refer the causes to the matter and the moving principle, as things coming to be of necessity.
ὥσπερ γὰρ ἐλέχθη κατ᾽ ἀρχὰς ἐν τοῖς πρώτοις λόγοις, οὐ διὰ τὸ γίγνεσθαι ἕκαστον ποιόν τι, διὰ τοῦτο ποιόν τι ἐστίν, ὅσα τεταγμένα καὶ ὡρισμένα ἔργα τῆς φύσεώς ἐστιν, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον διὰ τὸ εἶναι τοιαδὶ γίγνεται τοιαῦτα· τῇ γὰρ οὐσίᾳ ἡ γένεσις ἀκολουθεῖ καὶ τῆς οὐσίας ἕνεκά ἐστιν, ἀλλ᾽ οὐχ αὕτη τῇ γενέσει.
For as was said at the beginning in the first discussions, it is not because each thing comes to be of a certain quality that it is of that quality, in the case of those things that are ordered and defined works of nature, but rather because they are such, they come to be of such a quality; for generation follows substance and is for the sake of substance, but substance does not follow generation.
οἱ δ᾽ ἀρχαῖοι φυσιολόγοι τοὐναντίον ᾠήθησαν.
But the ancient natural philosophers thought the opposite.
τούτου δ᾽ αἴτιον ὅτι οὐχ ἑώρων πλείους οὔσας τὰς αἰτίας, ἀλλὰ μόνον τὴν τῆς ὕλης καὶ τὴν τῆς κινήσεως, καὶ ταύτας ἀδιορίστως, τῆς δὲ τοῦ λόγου καὶ τῆς τοῦ τέλους ἀνεπισκέπτως εἶχον.
And the cause of this is that they did not see that the causes are more than one, but only that of matter and that of motion, and these indefinitely, while they were unreflective concerning the cause of the formula and that of the end.
ἔστι μὲν οὖν ἕκαστον ἕνεκά του, γίνεται δ᾽ ἤδη διά τε ταύτην τὴν αἰτίαν καὶ διὰ τὰς λοιπάς, ὅσαπερ ἐν τῷ λόγῳ ἐνυπάρχει τῷ ἑκάστου ἤ ἐστιν ἕνεκά του ἢ οὗ ἕνεκα.
Now, each thing indeed is for the sake of something, and it comes to be already because of this cause and because of the remaining causes, namely all those that are present in the formula of each, either being for the sake of something or that for which it is.
τῶν δὲ μὴ τοιούτων, ὅσων ἐστὶ γένεσις, ἤδη τούτων τὸ αἴτιον ἐν τῇ κινήσει δεῖ καὶ τῇ γενέσει ζητεῖν, ὡς ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ συστάσει τὴν διαφορὰν λαμβανόντων.
But of those that are not of this kind, of which there is generation, we must seek the cause of these already in motion and generation, as they receive their difference in the constitution itself.
ὀφθαλμὸν μὲν γὰρ ἐξ ἀνάγκης ἕξει (τοιόνδε γὰρ ζῷον ὑπόκειται ὄν), τοιόνδε δὲ ὀφθαλμὸν ἐξ ἀνάγκης μέν, οὐ τοιαύτης δ᾽ ἀνάγκης, ἀλλ᾽ ἄλλον τρόπον, ὅτι τοιονδὶ οὒ τοιονδὶ ποιεῖν πέφυκε καὶ πάσχειν.
For an animal will indeed have an eye of necessity (for such an animal is assumed to exist), but it will have an eye of a certain quality of necessity, yet not of such necessity, but in another way, because it is of such a nature as to act and be acted upon in this way and not that.
διωρισμένων δὲ τούτων λέγωμεν περὶ τῶν ἐφεξῆς συμβαινόντων.
These being defined, let us speak of what happens next.
πρῶτον μὲν οὖν ὅταν γένωνται τὰ παιδία πάντων, μάλιστα τῶν ἀτελῶν, καθεύδειν εἴωθε, διὰ τὸ καὶ ἐν τῇ μητρί, ὅταν λάβῃ πρῶτον αἴσθησιν, καθεύδοντα διατελεῖν.
First, then, when children are born, of all and especially of the incomplete ones, they are accustomed to sleep, because even in the mother, when they first receive sensation, they continue sleeping.
ἔχει δ᾽ ἀπορίαν περὶ τῆς ἐξ ἀρχῆς γενέσεως, πότερον ἐγρήγορσις ὑπάρχει τοῖς ζῴοις πρότερον ἢ ὕπνος.
But there is a difficulty concerning the generation from the beginning, whether waking belongs to animals first or sleep.
διὰ γὰρ τὸ φαίνεσθαι προϊούσης τῆς ἡλικίας ἐγειρόμενα μᾶλλον, εὔλογον τοὐναντίον ἐν τῇ ἀρχῇ τῆς γενέσεως ὑπάρχειν, τὸν ὕπνον.
For because they appear to wake more as age progresses, it is reasonable that the opposite, sleep, belongs to them in the beginning of generation.
ἔτι δὲ διὰ τὸ τὴν μετάβασιν ἐκ τοῦ μὴ εἶναι εἰς τὸ εἶναι διὰ τοῦ μεταξὺ γίνεσθαι· ὁ δ᾽ ὕπνος εἶναι δοκεῖ τὴν φύσιν τῶν τοιούτων, οἷον τοῦ ζῆν καὶ τοῦ μὴ ζῆν μεθόριον, καὶ οὔτε μὴ εἶναι παντελῶς ὁ καθεύδων οὔτ᾽ εἶναι.
Furthermore, because the transition from non-being to being occurs through the intermediate; and sleep seems to be of the nature of such things, as it were a boundary between living and not living, and the sleeper is neither completely non-existent nor existent.
τῷ γὰρ ἐγρηγορέναι τὸ ζῆν μάλισθ᾽ ὑπάρχει διὰ τὴν αἴσθησιν.
For living belongs most of all to being awake, because of sensation.
εἰ δ᾽ ἐστὶν ἀναγκαῖον ἔχειν αἴσθησιν τὸ ζῷον, καὶ τότε πρῶτόν ἐστι ζῷον ὅταν αἴσθησις γένηται πρῶτον, τὴν μὲν ἐξ ἀρχῆς διάθεσιν οὐχ ὕπνον ἀλλ᾽ ὅμοιον ὕπνῳ δεῖ νομίζειν, οἵανπερ ἔχει καὶ τὸ τῶν φυτῶν γένος· καὶ γὰρ συμβέβηκε κατὰ τοῦτον τὸν χρόνον τὰ ζῷα φυτοῦ βίον ζῆν.
But if it is necessary for an animal to have sensation, and it is first an animal when sensation first comes to be, we must consider the initial state not as sleep but as something similar to sleep, such as the genus of plants also has; for indeed during this time animals happen to live the life of a plant.
τοῖς δὲ φυτοῖς ὑπάρχειν ὕπνον ἀδύνατον· οὐθεὶς γὰρ ὕπνος ἀνέγερτος, τὸ δὲ τῶν φυτῶν πάθος τὸ ἀνάλογον τῷ ὕπνῳ ἀνέγερτον.
But it is impossible for sleep to belong to plants; for there is no sleep from which one cannot be awakened, but the affection of plants analogous to sleep is one from which they cannot be awakened.
καθεύδειν μὲν οὖν τὰ ζῷα τὸν πλείω χρόνον ἀναγκαῖον διὰ τὸ τὴν αὔξησιν καὶ τὸ βάρος ἐπικεῖσθαι τοῖς ἄνω τόποις (εἰρήκαμεν δὲ τὴν αἰτίαν τοῦ καθεύδειν τοιαύτην οὖσαν ἐν ἑτέροις)· ἀλλ᾽ ὅμως ἐγειρόμενα φαίνεται καὶ ἐν τῇ μήτρᾳ (δῆλον δὲ γίνεται τοῦτο ἐν ταῖς ἀνατομαῖς καὶ ἐν τοῖς ᾠοτοκοῦσιν), εἶτ᾽ εὐθὺς καθεύδουσι καὶ καταφέρονται πάλιν.
Therefore, it is necessary for animals to sleep most of the time because growth and weight lie upon the upper parts (and we have stated the cause of sleeping as being of this kind in other works); but nevertheless they appear to wake even in the mother (and this becomes clear in dissections and in egg-laying animals), then they immediately sleep and are carried down again.
διόπερ καὶ ἐξελθόντα τὸν πολὺν διάγει χρόνον καθεύδοντα.
Wherefore, after coming out, they also spend much time sleeping.
καὶ ἐγρηγορότα μὲν οὐ γελᾷ τὰ παιδία, καθεύδοντα δὲ καὶ δακρύει καὶ γελᾷ.
And when awake, children do not laugh, but when sleeping they both weep and laugh.