§3.2#2τοῖς μὲν γὰρ ζῳοτοκουμένοις ἐν ἄλλῳ μορίῳ γίνεται ἡ τροφή, τὸ καλούμενον γάλα, ἐν τοῖς μαστοῖς· τοῖς δ’ ὄρνισι τοῦτο ποιεῖ ἡ φύσις ἐν τοῖς ᾠοῖς, τοὐναντίον μέντοι ἢ οἵ τε ἄνθρωποι οἴονται καὶ Ἀλκμαίων φησὶν ὁ Κροτωνιάτης.
in viviparous animals, the nourishment, which is called milk, is formed in another part, namely in the breasts; but in birds, nature does this in the eggs, contrary, however, to what people think and Alcmaeon of Croton says.
οὐ γὰρ τὸ λευκόν ἐστι γάλα, ἀλλὰ τὸ ὠχρόν· τοῦτο γάρ ἐστιν ἡ τροφὴ τοῖς νεοττοῖς·
For it is not the white that is the milk, but the yolk; for this is the nourishment for the young.
οἱ δ’ οἴονται τὸ λευκὸν διὰ τὴν ὁμοιότητα τοῦ χρώματος.
But people think it is the white because of the similarity of color.
γίνεται μὲν οὖν ἐπῳαζούσης, καθάπερ εἴρηται, τῆς ὄρνιθος ὁ νεοττός· οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ κἂν ἡ ὥρα ᾖ εὔκρατος ἢ ὁ τόπος ἀλεεινός, ἐν ᾧ ἂν κείμενα τυγχάνωσιν, ἐκπέττεται καὶ τὰ τῶν ὀρνίθων καὶ τὰ τῶν τετραπόδων καὶ ᾠοτόκων.
Now the chick is formed, as has been said, when the female bird broods; nevertheless, if the season is mild or the place is warm in which they happen to lie, both the eggs of birds and those of four-footed oviparous animals are hatched.
πάντα γὰρ εἰς τὴν γῆν ἐκτίκτει, καὶ συμπέττονται ὑπὸ τῆς ἐν τῇ γῇ θερμότητος.
For they all lay their eggs on the ground, and they are concocted by the heat in the ground.
ὅσα δ’ ἐπῳάζει φοιτῶντα τῶν ᾠοτόκων καὶ τετραπόδων, ταῦτα ποιεῖ μᾶλλον φυλακῆς χάριν.
And those of the oviparous four-footed animals that visit and brood over them, do so rather for the sake of protection.
τὸν αὐτὸν δὲ τρόπον γίνεται τά τε τῶν ὀρνίθων ᾠὰ καὶ τὰ τῶν ζῴων τῶν τετραπόδων· καὶ γὰρ σκληρόδερμα καὶ δίχροα, καὶ πρὸς τῷ διαζώματι συνίσταται καθάπερ καὶ τὰ τῶν ὀρνίθων, καὶ τἆλλα ταὐτὰ πάντα συμβαίνει καὶ ἐντὸς καὶ ἐκτός.
And the eggs of birds and those of four-footed animals are formed in the same manner; for they are hard-shelled and two-colored, and they are formed near the diaphragm just like those of birds, and all other things happen in the same way both inside and outside.
ὥστε ἡ αὐτὴ θεωρία περὶ τῆς αἰτίας ἐστὶ πάντων.
So that the same theory concerning the cause holds for all.
ἀλλὰ τὰ μὲν τῶν τετραπόδων δι’ ἰσχὺν ἐκπέττεται καὶ ὑπὸ τῆς ὥρας, τὰ δὲ τῶν ὀρνέων ἐπικηρότερα, καὶ δεῖται τῆς τεκούσης.
But while those of four-footed animals are concocted even by the season because of their strength, those of birds are more delicate and need the parent bird.
ἔοικε δὲ καὶ ἡ φύσις βούλεσθαι τὴν τῶν τέκνων αἴσθησιν ἐπιμελητικὴν παρασκευάζειν· ἀλλὰ τοῖς μὲν χείροσι τοῦτ’ ἐμποιεῖ μέχρι τοῦ τεκεῖν μόνον, τοῖς δὲ καὶ περὶ τὴν τελέωσιν, ὅσα δὲ φρονιμώτερα, καὶ περὶ τὴν ἐκτροφήν.
And nature also seems to wish to produce a caring parental affection for the offspring; but to the lower animals she implants this only up to the time of bringing forth, to others also up to the completion, and to those that are more intelligent, even for their rearing.
τοῖς δὲ δὴ μάλιστα κοινωνοῦσι φρονήσεως καὶ πρὸς τελεωθέντα γίνεται συνήθεια καὶ φιλία, καθάπερ τοῖς τε ἀνθρώποις καὶ τῶν τετραπόδων ἐνίοις, τοῖς δ’ ὄρνισι μέχρι τοῦ γεννῆσαι καὶ ἐκθρέψαι· διόπερ καὶ μὴ ἐπῳάζουσαι αἱ θήλειαι, ὅταν τέκωσι, διατίθενται χεῖρον, ὥσπερ ἑνός τινος στερισκόμεναι τῶν συμφύτων.
And in those which share most in intelligence, familiarity and love arise even towards the completed offspring, as with humans and some of the four-footed animals, but in birds only until they have generated and reared them; wherefore even the females that do not brood, when they have laid, are in a worse condition, as if they were deprived of some part of their natural body.
τελεοῦται δ’ ἐν τοῖς ᾠοῖς τὰ ζῷα θᾶττον ἐν ταῖς ἀλεειναῖς ἡμέραις· συνεργάζεται γὰρ ἡ ὥρα.
And the animals in the eggs are completed more quickly in warm days; for the season cooperates.
καὶ γὰρ ἡ πέψις θερμότης τις ἐστίν.
For concoction is a kind of heat.
ἥ τε γὰρ γῆ συμπέττει τῇ θερμότητι, καὶ ἡ ἐπῳάζουσα ταὐτὸ τοῦτο δρᾷ· προσεγχεῖ γὰρ τὸ ἐν αὑτῇ θερμόν.
For both the earth concocts by its heat, and the brooding bird does this same thing; for she pours on the heat that is in herself.
καὶ διαφθείρεται δὲ τὰ ᾠὰ καὶ γίνεται τὰ καλούμενα οὔρια μᾶλλον κατὰ τὴν θερμὴν ὥραν εὐλόγως· ὥσπερ γὰρ καὶ οἱ οἶνοι ἐν ταῖς ἀλέαις ὀξύνονται ἀνατρεπομένης τῆς ἰλύος (τοῦτο γὰρ αἴτιον τῆς διαφθορᾶς), καὶ ἐν τοῖς ᾠοῖς ἡ λέκιθος· τοῦτο γὰρ ἐν ἀμφοτέροις τὸ γεῶδες.
And it is reasonable that eggs decay and become what are called wind-eggs more in the warm season; for just as wines turn sour in warm weather when the dregs are stirred up (for this is the cause of decay), so in eggs the yolk does; for this is the earthy part in both.
διὸ καὶ ἀναθολοῦται ὁ οἶνος μιγνυμένης τῆς ἰλύος, καὶ τὰ διαφθειρόμενα ᾠὰ τῆς λεκίθου.
Wherefore also the wine becomes turbid when the dregs are mixed, and decaying eggs when the yolk is mixed.
τοῖς μὲν οὖν πολυτόκοις συμβαίνει τὸ τοιοῦτον εὐλόγως (οὐ γὰρ ῥᾴδιον τὴν ἁρμόττουσαν πᾶσιν ἀποδιδόναι θερμασίαν, ἀλλὰ τοῖς μὲν ἐλλείπειν τοῖς δὲ πλεονάζειν, καὶ ἀναθολοῦν οἷον σήπουσαν), τοῖς δὲ γαμψώνυξιν ὀλιγοτόκοις οὖσιν οὐδὲν ἧττον συμβαίνει τοῦτο· πολλάκις μὲν γὰρ καὶ τοῖν δυοῖν θάτερον οὔριον γίνεται, τὸ δὲ τρίτον ὡς εἰπεῖν ἀεί· θερμὰ γὰρ ὄντα τὴν φύσιν οἷον ὑπερζεῖν ποιεῖ τὴν ὑγρότητα τὴν ἐν τοῖς ᾠοῖς.
Now this happens reasonably to those that lay many eggs (for it is not easy to render the fitting warmth to all, but it is deficient in some and excessive in others, and makes them turbid as if rotting), but to those with crooked talons, though they lay few, this happens none the less; for often one of the two becomes a wind-egg, and the third, so to speak, always; for being hot by nature they make the moisture in the eggs, as it were, boil over.
ἔχει γὰρ δὴ καὶ τὴν φύσιν ἐναντίαν τό τε ὠχρὸν καὶ τὸ λευκόν.
For indeed the yolk and the white have opposite natures.
τὸ μὲν γὰρ ὠχρὸν ἐν τοῖς πάγοις πήγνυται, θερμαινόμενον δὲ ὑγραίνεται· διὸ καὶ συμπεττόμενον ἐν τῇ γῇ ἢ ὑπὸ τοῦ ἐπῳάζειν ὑγραίνεται, καὶ τοιοῦτον ὂν γίνεται τροφὴ τοῖς συνισταμένοις ζῴοις.
For the yolk solidifies in frosts, but when heated becomes liquid; wherefore also when concocted in the earth or by brooding it becomes liquid, and being such it becomes nourishment for the developing animals.