§3.2#1Διότι μὲν οὖν τὰ μὲν μονόχροα τὰ δὲ δίχροα τῶν ᾠῶν, εἴρηται·
Therefore, the reason why some of the eggs are single-colored and others two-colored has been stated.
ἀποκρίνεται δ’ ἐν τοῖς ᾠοῖς ἡ τοῦ ἄρρενος ἀρχὴ καθ’ ὃ προσπέφυκε τῇ ὑστέρᾳ τὸ ᾠόν, καὶ γίνεται δὴ ἀνόμοιον τὸ τῶν διχρόων ᾠῶν, καὶ οὐ πάμπαν στρογγύλον ἀλλ’ ἐπὶ θάτερα ὀξύτερον, διὰ τὸ διαφέρειν δεῖν τοῦ λευκοῦ, ἐν ᾧ ἔχει τὴν ἀρχήν.
In eggs, the principle derived from the male is separated at the point where the egg is attached to the uterus, and indeed the shape of two-colored eggs becomes asymmetrical, and not altogether round but sharper at one end, because of the necessity that it should differ from the white, in which it has the principle.
διόπερ σκληρότερον ταύτῃ τὸ ᾠὸν ἢ κάτωθεν· σκεπάζειν γὰρ δεῖ καὶ φυλάττειν τὴν ἀρχήν.
Wherefore the egg is harder at this part than below; for it must cover and guard the principle.
καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐξέρχεται ὕστερον τοῦ ᾠοῦ τὸ ὀξύ· τὸ γὰρ προσπεφυκὸς ὕστερον ἐξέρχεται, κατὰ τὴν ἀρχὴν δὲ προσπέφυκεν, ἐν τῷ ὀξεῖ δ’ ἡ ἀρχή.
And because of this, the sharp end of the egg comes out last; for that which has been attached comes out last, and it is attached at the principle, and the principle is in the sharp end.
τὸν αὐτὸν δ’ ἔχει τρόπον καὶ ἐν τοῖς τῶν φυτῶν σπέρμασιν· προσπέφυκε γὰρ ἡ ἀρχὴ τοῦ σπέρματος τὰ μὲν ἐν τοῖς κλάδοις, τὰ δ’ ἐν τοῖς κελύφεσι, τὰ δ’ ἐν τοῖς περικαρπίοις.
It is the same way also in the seeds of plants; for the principle of the seed is attached, in some to the branches, in others to the husks, and in others to the pericarps.
δῆλον δ’ ἐπὶ τῶν χεδροπῶν· ᾗ γὰρ συνῆπται τὸ δίθυρον τῶν κυάμων καὶ τῶν τοιούτων σπερμάτων, ταύτῃ προσπέφυκεν· ἡ δ’ ἀρχὴ ἐνταῦθα τοῦ σπέρματος.
This is clear in the case of leguminous plants; for where the double valve of beans and such seeds is joined, there it is attached, and the principle of the seed is there.
ἀπορήσειε δ’ ἄν τις περὶ τῆς αὐξήσεως τῶν ᾠῶν, τίνα τρόπον ἐκ τῆς ὑστέρας συμβαίνει.
But one might raise a difficulty concerning the growth of eggs, in what manner it happens from the uterus.
τὰ μὲν γὰρ ζῷα διὰ τοῦ ὀμφαλοῦ λαμβάνει τὴν τροφήν, τὰ δ’ ᾠὰ διὰ τίνος;
For while animals receive nourishment through the umbilical cord, through what do eggs receive it?
ἐπειδήπερ οὐχ ὥσπερ οἱ σκώληκες αὐτὰ δι’ αὑτῶν λαμβάνει τὴν αὔξησιν.
Since indeed they do not, like larvae, get their growth by themselves.
εἰ δ’ ἔστι τι δι’ οὗ προσπέφυκε, τοῦτο ποῖ τρέπεται τελεωθέντος;
And if there is something through which it is attached, whither does this turn when the egg is completed?
οὐ γὰρ συνεξέρχεται, καθάπερ ὁ ὀμφαλὸς τοῖς ζῴοις· γίνεται γὰρ τὸ πέριξ ὄστρακον τελεωθέντος.
For it does not come out together with it, as the umbilical cord does in animals; for the surrounding shell is formed when it is completed.
τὸ μὲν οὖν εἰρημένον ὀρθῶς ζητεῖται· λανθάνει δ’ ὅτι τὸ γινόμενον ὄστρακον τὸ πρῶτον μαλακὸς ὑμήν ἐστιν, ἀλλὰ τελεωθέντος γίνεται σκληρὸν καὶ κραῦρον, οὕτω συμμέτρως ὥστ’ ἐξέρχεται μὲν ἔτι μαλακόν (πόνον γὰρ ἂν παρεῖχε τικτόμενον), ἐξελθὸν δ’ εὐθὺς πήγνυται ψυχθέν, συνεξατμίζοντος τοῦ ὑγροῦ ταχὺ δι’ ὀλιγότητα, λειπομένου δὲ τοῦ γεώδους.
Now, the aforementioned question is rightly raised; but it escapes notice that the shell which is formed is at first a soft membrane, but when the egg is completed it becomes hard and brittle, in such a balanced proportion that it comes out while still soft (for it would cause pain in being laid), but having come out it immediately solidifies on being cooled, as the moisture evaporates quickly because of its small quantity, and the earthy matter is left behind.
τούτου δή τι τοῦ ὑμένος κατ’ ἀρχὰς ὀμφαλῶδές ἐστι κατὰ τὸ ὀξύ, καὶ ἀπέχει ἔτι μικρῶν ὄντων οἷον αὐλός.
Indeed, some part of this membrane at the beginning is umbilical-like at the sharp end, and while the eggs are still small, it extends like a pipe.
φανερὸν δ’ ἐστὶν ἐν τοῖς ἐκβολίμοις τῶν μικρῶν ᾠῶν· ἐὰν γὰρ βρεχθῇ ἢ ἄλλως πως ῥιγώσασα ἐκβάλῃ ἡ ὄρνις, ἔτι αἱματῶδές τε φαίνεται τὸ κύημα καὶ ἔχον δι’ ἑαυτοῦ στόλον μικρὸν ὀμφαλώδη.
This is clear in the case of aborted small eggs; for if the bird gets wet or otherwise takes a chill and aborts, the embryo still appears bloody and having through itself a small umbilical stem.
μείζονος δὲ γινομένου περιτείνεται μᾶλλον οὗτος καὶ ἐλάττων γίνεται.
But as the egg becomes larger, this stem is stretched tighter around it and becomes smaller.
τελεωθέντος δὲ τὸ ὀξὺ τοῦ ᾠοῦ τοῦτο συμβαίνει τὸ πέρας.
And when the egg is completed, this happens to be the limit of the sharp end.
ὑπὸ δὲ τούτῳ ὁ ἐντὸς ὑμήν, ὃς ὁρίζει τὸ λευκὸν καὶ τὸ ᾠχρὸν ἀπὸ τούτου.
Under this is the inner membrane, which separates the white and the yolk from this.
τελειωθέντος δ’ ἀπολύεται ὅλον τὸ ᾠόν, καὶ οὐ φαίνεται εὐλόγως ὁ ὀμφαλός· αὐτοῦ γάρ ἐστι τοῦ ἐσχάτου τὸ ἄκρον.
And when the egg is completed, the whole is detached, and the umbilical cord naturally is not seen; for it is the very extremity of the outermost part.
ἡ δ’ ἔξοδος τοὐναντίον γίνεται τοῖς ᾠοῖς ἢ τοῖς ζῳοτοκουμένοις· τοῖς μὲν γὰρ ἐπὶ κεφαλὴν καὶ τὴν ἀρχήν, τῷ δ’ ᾠῷ γίνεται ἡ ἔξοδος οἷον ἐπὶ πόδας.
And the exit of eggs happens in the opposite way to that of viviparous animals; for in the latter it is head first and towards the principle, but in the egg the exit is, as it were, feet first.
τούτου δ’ αἴτιον τὸ εἰρημένον, ὅτι προσπέφυκε κατὰ τὴν ἀρχήν.
And the cause of this is what has been said, namely, that it is attached at the principle.
ἡ δὲ γένεσις ἐκ τοῦ ᾠοῦ συμβαίνει τοῖς ὄρνισιν ἐπῳαζούσης καὶ συμπεττούσης τῆς ὄρνιθος, ἀποκρινομένου μὲν τοῦ ζῴου ἐκ μέρους τοῦ ᾠοῦ, τὴν δ’ αὔξησιν λαμβάνοντος καὶ τελειουμένου ἐκ τοῦ λοιποῦ μέρους.
And the generation from the egg happens in birds when the female bird broods and concocts it, the animal being differentiated from a part of the egg, and receiving its growth and being completed from the remaining part.
ἡ γὰρ φύσις ἅμα τήν τε τοῦ ζῴου ὕλην ἐν τῷ ᾠῷ τίθησι καὶ τὴν ἱκανὴν τροφὴν πρὸς τὴν αὔξησιν· ἐπεὶ γὰρ οὐ δύναται τελεοῦν ἐν αὑτῇ ἡ ὄρνις, συνεκτίκτει τὴν τροφὴν ἐν τῷ ᾠῷ.
For nature places at the same time both the matter of the animal in the egg and the sufficient nourishment for its growth; for since the female bird cannot bring it to completion within herself, she lays the nourishment together with it in the egg.