§2.4#1Τῶν δὲ ζῴων τὰ μὲν ἀτελεστέραν ἔχοντα τὴν φύσιν, ὅταν γένηται κύημα τέλειον, ζῷον δὲ μήπω τέλειον θύραζε προΐεται· δι᾽ ἃς δ᾽ αἰτίας εἴρηται πρότερον.
Among animals, those that have a more imperfect nature, when a perfect embryo is formed, bring forth an animal that is not yet perfect; for what reasons, has been said before.
τέλειον δ᾽ ἤδη τότ᾽ ἐστίν, ὅταν τὸ μὲν ἄρρεν ᾖ τὸ δὲ θῆλυ τῶν κυημάτων, ἐν ὅσοις ἐστὶν αὕτη ἡ διαφορὰ τῶν γινομένων· ἔνια γὰρ οὔτε θῆλυ γενᾷ οὔτ᾽ ἄρρεν, ὅσα μηδ᾽ αὐτὰ γίνεται ἐκ θήλεος καὶ ἄρρενος μηδ᾽ ἐκ ζῴων μιγνυμένων.
And an embryo is already perfect at that time when it is either male or female, in as many of them as have this distinction among those that are produced; for some generate neither male nor female, as many as are not themselves produced from male and female, nor from the mating of animals.
καὶ περὶ μὲν τῆς τούτων γενέσεως ὕστερον ἐροῦμεν·
And concerning the generation of these we shall speak later.
τὰ δὲ ζῳοτοκοῦντα ἐν αὑτοῖς τὰ τέλεια τῶν ζῴων, μέχρι περ ἂν οὗ γενήσῃ ζῷον καὶ θύραζε ἐκπέμψῃ, ἔχει συμφυὲς ἐν αὑτῷ τὸ γιγνόμενον ζῷον.
But the viviparous among the perfect animals, until they generate an animal and bring it forth, have the developing animal attached within themselves.
ὅσα δὲ θύραζε μὲν ζῳοτοκεῖ ἐν αὑτοῖς δ᾽ ᾠοτοκεῖ τὸ πρῶτον, ὅταν γεννήσῃ τὸ ᾠὸν τέλειον, τούτων ἐνίων μὲν ἀπὸλύεται τὸ ᾠὸν ὥσπερ τῶν θύραζε ᾠοτοκούντων, καὶ τὸ ζῷον ἐκ τοῦ ᾠοῦ γίνεται ἐν τῷ θήλει, ἐνίων δ᾽ ὅταν καταναλωθῇ ἡ ἐκ τοῦ ᾠοῦ τροφή, τελειοῦται ἀπὸ τῆς ὑστέρας, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο οὐκ ἀπολύεται τὸ ᾠὸν ἀπὸ τῆς ὑστέρας.
But of those which bring forth alive outwardly but first produce an egg within themselves, when they have produced a perfect egg, in some of them the egg is released, just as in those that produce eggs outwardly, and the animal is produced from the egg in the female, but in others, when the nourishment from the egg is consumed, it is perfected by the uterus, and for this reason the egg is not released from the uterus.
ταύτην δ᾽ ἔχουσι τὴν διαφορὰν οἱ σελαχώδεις ἰχθύες, περὶ ὧν ὕστερον καθ᾽ αὑτὰ λεκτέον.
The cartilaginous fishes have this difference, concerning which we must speak later by themselves.
νῦν δ᾽ ἀπὸ τῶν πρώτων ἀρκτέον πρῶτον.
But now we must start first from the first things.
ἔστι δὲ τὰ τέλεια ζῷα πρῶτα, τοιαῦτα δὲ τὰ ζῳοτοκοῦντα, καὶ τούτων ἄνθρωπος πρῶτον.
And the perfect animals are first, and such are the viviparous, and of these man is first.
ἡ μὲν οὗν ἀπόκρισις γίνεται πᾶσι τοῦ σπέρματος ὥσπερ ἄλλου τινὸς περιττώματος.
Now the secretion of the semen occurs in all just as that of any other residue.
φέρεται γὰρ ἕκαστον εἰς τὸν οἰκεῖον τόπον οὐθὲν ἀποβιαζομένου τοῦ πνεύματος, οὐδ᾽ ἄλλης αἰτίας τοιαύτης ἀναγκαζούσης, ὥσπερ τινές φασιν, ἕλκειν τὰ αἰδοῖα φάσκοντες ὥσπερ τὰς σικύας, τῷ τε πνεύματι βιαζομένων, ὥσπερ ἐνδεχόμενον ἄλλοθί που πορευθῆναι μὴ βιασαμένων ταύτην τὴν περίττωσιν τὴν τῆς ὑγράς ἢ ξηρᾶς τροφῆς, ὅτι τὰς ἐξόδους αὐτῶν ἠθροισμένῳ τῷ πνεύματι συνεκκρίνουσιν, τοῦνο δὲ κοινὸν κατὰ πάντων ὅσα δεῖ κινῆσαι· διὰ γὰρ τοῦ τὸ πνεῦμα κατασχεῖν ἡ ἰσχὺς ἐγγίνεται, ἐπεὶ καὶ ἄνευ ταύτης τῆς βίας ἐκκρίνεται τὰ περιττώματα καὶ καθεύδουσιν, ἂν ἄνετοί τε καὶ πλήρεις περιττώματος οἱ τόποι τύχωσιν ὄντες.
For each is carried to its proper place without the pneuma forcing it, nor any other such cause compelling it, as some say, claiming that the genitals draw it like cupping-glasses, and that they force it with the pneuma, as if it were possible for this residue of wet or dry nourishment to travel elsewhere if they did not force it, because they excrete its exits together with the accumulated pneuma; but this is common to all things that must be moved, for by holding the pneuma strength is generated, since even without this force residues are excreted even when they are asleep, if the places happen to be relaxed and full of residue.
ὅμοιον δὲ κἂν εἴ τις φαίη τοῖς φυτοῖς ὑπὸ τοῦ πνεύματος ἑκάστοτε τὰ σπέρτὸν καρπόν.
And it would be similar if someone were to say that in plants the seeds and fruit are excreted each time by the pneuma.
ἀλλὰ τούτου μὲν αἴτιον, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, τὸ πᾶσιν εἶναι μόρια δεκτικὰ τοῖς περιττώμασι, τοῖς τ᾽ ἀχρήστοις, οἷον τῇ τε ξηρᾷ καὶ τῇ ὑγρᾷ, καὶ τῷ αἵματι τὰς καλουμένας φλέβας.
But the cause of this, as has been said, is that all have parts receptive to the residues, both the useless ones, such as the dry and the wet, and for blood the so-called vessels.
τοῖς μὲν οὖν θήλεσι περὶ τὸν τῶν ὑστερῶν τόπον, σχιζομένων ἄνωθεν τῶν δύο φλεβῶν, τῆς τε μεγάλης καὶ τῆς ἀορτῆς, πολλαὶ καὶ λεπταὶ φλέβες τελευτῶσιν εἰς τὰς ὑστέρας, ὧν ὑπερπληρουμένων ἐκ τῆς τροφῆς, καὶ τῆς φύσεως διὰ ψυχρότητα πέττειν οὐ δυναμένης, ἐκκρίνεται διὰ λεπτοτάτων φλεβῶν εἰς τὰς ὑστέρας, οὐ δυναμένων διὰ τὴν στενοχωρίαν δέχεσθαι τὴν ὑπερβολὴν τοῦ πλήθους, καὶ γίνεται τὸ πάθος οἷον αἰμορροΐς.
In females, then, around the region of the uterus, the two vessels, the great vessel and the aorta, dividing from above, many fine vessels terminate in the uterus, and when these are overfilled from nourishment, and nature is unable to concoct it because of coldness, it is excreted through the finest vessels into the uterus, since they cannot receive the excess of the quantity because of their narrowness, and the affection becomes like hemorrhoids.
ἀκριβῶς μὲν οὖν ἡ περίοδος οὐ τέτακται ταῖς γυναιξί, βούλεται δὲ φθινόντων γίνεσθαι τῶν μηνῶν εὐλόγως• ψυχρότερα γὰρ τὰ σώματα τῶν ζῴων, ὅταν καὶ τὸ περιέχον συμβαίνῃ γίγνεσθαι τοιοῦτον, αἱ δὲ τῶν μηνῶν σύνοδοι ψυχραὶ διὰ τὴν τῆς σελήνης ἀπόλειψιν, διόπερ καὶ χειμερίους συμβαίνει τὰς συνόδους εἶναι τῶν μηνῶν μᾶλλον ἢ τὰς μεσότητας.
Now the period is not precisely fixed for women, but it tends to occur reasonably when the months are waning; for the bodies of animals are colder when the surrounding air also happens to become so, and the conjunctions of the months are cold because of the waning of the moon, wherefore the conjunctions of the months happen to be more wintry than the middle.
μεταβεβληκότος μὲν οὗν εἰς αἷμα τοῦ περιττώματος βούλεται γίγνεσθαι τὰ καταμήνια κατὰ τὴν εἰρημένην περίοδον, μὴ πεπεμμένου δὲ κατὰ μικρὸν ἀεί τι ἀποκρίνεται· διὸ τὰ λευκὰ μικροῖς ἔτι καὶ παιδίοις οὗσι γίνεται τοῖς θήλεσιν.
Now when the residue has changed into blood, the catamenia tend to occur according to the mentioned period, but when it is unconcocted, something is always secreted little by little; wherefore the whites occur in females even when they are still small and children.
μετριάζουσαι μὲν οὖν ἀμφότεραι αὗται αἱ ἀποκρίσεις τῶν περιττωμάτων τὰ σώματα σώζουσιν, ἅτε γιγνομένης καθάρσεως τῶν περιττωμάτων, ῾ἃ τοῦ νοσεῖν αἴτια τοῖς σώμασιν μὴ γινομένων δὲ ἢ πλειόνων γιγνομἐνων βλάπτει· ποιεῖ γὰρ ἢ νόσους ἢ τῶν σωμάτων καθαίρεσιν, διὸ καὶ τὰ λευκὰ συνεχῶς γινόμενα καὶ πλεονάζοντα τὴν αὔξησιν ἀφαιρεῖται τῶν παιδίων.
Both these secretions of residues, when moderate, preserve the bodies, since a purification of the residues occurs which are the causes of disease in the bodies; but when they do not occur or occur in greater quantity, they cause harm, for they produce either diseases or a wasting of the bodies, wherefore also the whites, occurring continuously and in excess, take away the growth of children.
ἐξ ἀνάγκης μὲν οὖν ἡ περίττωσις αὕτη γίνεται τοῖς θήλεσι διὰ τὰς εἰρημένας αἰτίας· μὴ δυναμένης τε γὰρ πέττειν τῆς φύσεως ἀνάγκη περίττωμα γίγνεσθαι μὴ μόνον τῆς ἀχρήστου τροφῆς, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν ταῖς φλεψίν, ὑπερβάλλειν τε πληθύνοντα κατὰ τὰς λεπτστάτας φλέβας.
By necessity, then, this residue occurs in females for the mentioned causes; for since nature is unable to concoct, it is necessary for residue to be formed not only of useless nourishment but also in the vessels, and for it to overflow as it multiplies through the finest vessels.
ἕνεκα δὲ τοῦ βελτίονος καὶ τοῦ τέλους ἡ φύσις καταχρῆται πρὸς τὸν τόπον τοῦτον τῆς γενέσεως χάριν, ὅπως οἷον ἔμελλε τοιοῦτον γένηται ἕτερον· ἤδη γὰρ ὑπάρχει δυνάμει γε ὂν τοιοῦτον οἴου πέρ ἐστι σώματος ἀπόκρισις.
But for the sake of the better and the end, nature uses it for this place for the sake of generation, so that another such as it was to be may be produced; for it already exists potentially as such a thing as the body from which it is a secretion is.