§2.1#2τῶν δ’ ἀναίμων τὰ ἔντομα σκωληκοτοκεῖ, ὅσα ἢ ἐκ συνδυασμοῦ γίνεται ἢ αὐτὰ συνδυάζεται.
Of the bloodless animals, the insects produce larvae, as many as either come to be from copulation or themselves copulate.
ἔστι γὰρ ἔνια τοιαῦτα τῶν ἐντόμων, ἃ γίνεται μὲν αὐτόματα, ἔστι δὲ θήλεα καὶ ἄρρενα, καὶ ἐκ συνδυαζομένων γίνεταί τι αὐτῶν, ἀτελὲς μέντοι τὸ γιγνόμενον· ἡ δ’ αἰτία εἴρηται πρότερον ἐν ἑτέροις.
For there are some such among insects, which come to be spontaneously, but are female and male, and from their copulation something comes to be, though that which comes to be is imperfect; and the cause of this has been said before in other writings.
συμβαίνει δὲ πολλὴ ἐπάλλαξις τοῖς γένεσιν.
But much overlapping occurs among the classes.
οὔτε γὰρ τὰ δίποδα πάντα ζῳοτοκεῖ (οἱ γὰρ ὄρνιθες ᾠοτοκοῦσιν) οὔτ’ ᾠοτοκεῖ πάντα (ὁ γὰρ ἄνθρωπος ζῳοτοκεῖ), οὔτε τὰ τετράποδα πάντα ᾠοτοκεῖ (ἵππος γὰρ καὶ βοῦς καὶ ἄλλα μυρία ζῳοτοκεῖ) οὔτε ζῳοτοκεῖ πάντα (σαῦραι γὰρ καὶ κροκόδειλοι καὶ ἄλλα πολλὰ ᾠοτοκοῦσιν).
For neither do all bipeds bring forth alive (for birds lay eggs) nor do all lay eggs (for human brings forth alive), nor do all quadrupeds lay eggs (for horse and ox and countless others bring forth alive) nor do all bring forth alive (for lizards and crocodiles and many others lay eggs).
οὐδ’ ἐν τῷ πόδας ἔχειν ἢ μὴ ἔχειν διαφέρει· καὶ γὰρ ἄποδα ζῳοτοκεῖ, οἷον οἱ ἔχεις καὶ τὰ σελάχη, τὰ δ’ ᾠοτοκεῖ, οἷον τὸ τῶν ἰχθύων γένος καὶ τὸ τῶν ἄλλων ὄφεων· καὶ τῶν πόδας ἐχόντων καὶ ᾠοτοκεῖ πολλὰ καὶ ζῳοτοκεῖ, οἷον τὰ εἰρημένα τετράποδα.
Nor does it make a difference in having or not having feet; for even legless ones bring forth alive, such as vipers and cartilaginous fishes, while others lay eggs, such as the class of fishes and that of the other serpents; and of those that have feet, many both lay eggs and bring forth alive, such as the quadrupeds mentioned.
καὶ ἐν αὐτοῖς δὲ ζῳοτοκεῖ καὶ πόδας ἔχοντα, οἷον ἄνθρωπος, καὶ ἄποδα, οἷον φάλαινα καὶ δελφίς.
And among those very animals that bring forth alive, some have feet, such as human, and others are legless, such as whale and dolphin.
ταύτῃ μὲν οὖν οὐκ ἔστι διελεῖν, οὐδ’ αἴτιον τῆς διαφορᾶς ταύτης οὐθὲν τῶν πορευτικῶν ὀργάνων, ἀλλὰ ζῳοτοκεῖ μὲν τὰ τελεώτερα τὴν φύσιν τῶν ζῴων καὶ μετέχοντα καθαρωτέρας ἀρχῆς· οὐθὲν γὰρ ζῳοτοκεῖ ἐν αὑτῷ, μὴ δεχόμενον τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ ἀναπνέον.
In this way, then, it is not possible to divide them, nor is any of the organs of locomotion the cause of this difference, but the more perfect in nature of the animals, and those participating in a purer principle, bring forth alive; for nothing brings forth alive within itself without receiving the breath and respiring.
τελεώτερα δὲ τὰ θερμότερα τὴν φύσιν καὶ ὑγρότερα καὶ μὴ γεώδη.
And the warmer in nature and wetter and not earthy are more perfect.
τῆς δὲ θερμότητος τῆς φυσικῆς ὅρος ὁ πλεύμων, ὅσων ἔναιμός ἐστιν· ὅλως μὲν γὰρ τὰ ἔχοντα πλεύμονα τῶν μὴ ἐχόντων θερμότερα, τούτων δ’ αὐτῶν τὰ μὴ σομφὸν ἔχοντα μηδὲ στιφρὸν μηδ’ ὀλίγαιμον ἀλλ’ ἔναιμον καὶ μαλακόν.
And of the natural heat, the lung is the boundary, in as many as have blood; for generally those having a lung are warmer than those not having one, and of these very ones, those that do not have it spongy, nor firm, nor with little blood, but blooded and soft.
ὥσπερ δὲ τὸ μὲν ζῷον τέλεον, ὁ δὲ σκώληξ καὶ τὸ ᾠὸν ἀτελές, οὕτως τὸ τέλειον ἐκ τοῦ τελειοτέρου γίνεσθαι πέφυκεν.
And just as the animal itself is perfect, but the larva and the egg are imperfect, so the perfect is naturally produced from the more perfect.
τὰ δὲ θερμότερα μὲν διὰ τὸ ἔχειν πλεύμονα, ξηρότερα δὲ τὴν φύσιν, ἢ τὰ ψυχρότερα μὲν ὑγρότερα δέ, τὰ μὲν ᾠοτοκεῖ τέλειον ᾠόν, τὰ δ’ ᾠοτοκήσαντα ζῳοτοκεῖ ἐν αὑτοῖς.
And those that are warmer indeed because of having a lung, but drier in nature, or those that are colder but wetter, the former lay a perfect egg, while the latter, having first produced eggs, bring forth alive within themselves.
οἱ μὲν γὰρ ὄρνιθες καὶ τὰ φολιδωτὰ διὰ μὲν θερμότητα τελεσιουργοῦσι, διὰ δὲ ξηρότητα ᾠοτοκοῦσι, τὰ δὲ σελάχη θερμὰ μὲν ἧττον τούτων, ὑγρὰ δὲ μᾶλλον, ὥστε μετέχει ἀμφοτέρων· καὶ γὰρ ᾠοτοκεῖ καὶ ζῳοτοκεῖ ἐν αὑτοῖς, ᾠοτοκεῖ μὲν ὅτι ψυχρά, ζῳοτοκεῖ δ’ ὅτι ὑγρά· ζωτικὸν γὰρ τὸ ὑγρόν, πορρωτάτω δὲ τοῦ ἐμψύχου τὸ ξηρόν.
For birds and scaled animals, because of warmth indeed, bring to completion, but because of dryness lay eggs, while the cartilaginous fishes are less warm than these, but wetter, so that they participate in both; for they both lay eggs and bring forth alive within themselves, laying eggs indeed because they are cold, but bringing forth alive because they are wet; for the wet is vital, and the dry is furthest from the animate.
ἐπεὶ δ’ οὔτε πτερωτὰ οὔτε φολιδωτὰ οὔτε λεπιδωτά ἐστιν, ἃ σημεῖα ξηρᾶς μᾶλλον καὶ γεώδους φύσεως, μαλακὸν τὸ ᾠὸν γεννῶσιν· ὥσπερ γὰρ οὐδ’ ἐν αὐτῷ, οὐδ’ ἐν τῷ ᾠῷ ἐπιπολάζει τὸ γεηρόν.
And since they are neither feathered nor scaled with horny nor with bony scales, which are signs of a drier and more earthy nature, they generate a soft egg; for just as in their own body, so also in the egg the earthy element does not rise to the surface.
καὶ διὰ τοῦτο εἰς αὑτὸ ᾠοτοκεῖ· θύραζε γὰρ ἂν ἰὸν διεφθείρετο τὸ ᾠόν, οὐκ ἔχον προβολήν.
And for this reason they lay eggs within themselves; for if it went out, the egg would be destroyed, not having a defense.
τὰ δὲ ψυχρὰ καὶ ξηρὰ μᾶλλον ᾠοτοκεῖ μέν, ἀτελὲς δὲ τὸ ᾠόν, καὶ σκληρόδερμον δὲ διὰ τὸ γεηρὰ εἶναι καὶ ἀτελὲς προΐεσθαι, ἶνα σώζηται φυλακὴν ἔχον τὸ ὀστρακῶδες.
But those that are colder and drier rather lay eggs indeed, but the egg is imperfect, and it is hard-shelled because of being earthy and being emitted imperfect, so that it may be preserved, having the shelly protection.
οἱ μὲν οὖν ἰχθύες λεπιδωτοὶ ὄντες καὶ τὰ μαλακόστρακα γεηρὰ ὄντα σκληρόδερμα τὰ ᾠὰ γεννᾷ.
The fishes indeed, being scaled with bony scales, and the crustacea, being earthy, generate hard-shelled eggs.
τὰ δὲ μαλάκια, ὥσπερ αὐτὰ γλίσχρα τὴν τοῦ σώματός ἐστι φύσιν, οὕτως σώζει ἀτελῆ προϊέμενα τὰ ᾠά· προΐεται γὰρ γλισχρότητα περὶ τὸ κύημα πολλήν.
And the molluscs, just as they themselves are sticky in the nature of their body, in this way preserve their eggs when emitting them imperfect; for they emit much stickiness around the embryo.
τὰ δ’ ἔντομα πάντα σκωληκοτοκεῖ.
And the insects all produce larvae.
ἔστι δ’ ἅπαντα ἄναιμα τὰ ἔντομα, διὸ καὶ σκωληκοτοκοῦντα θύραζε.
And all the insects are bloodless, wherefore they also produce larvae outwardly.
τὰ δ’ ἄναιμα οὐ πάντα σκωληκοτοκεῖ ἀπλῶς· ἐπαλλάττουσι γὰρ ἀλλήλοις τά τ’ ἔντομα καὶ τὰ ἀτελὲς τίκτοντα τὸ ᾠόν, οἷον οἵ τ’ ἰχθύες οἱ λεπιδωτοὶ καὶ τὰ μαλακόστρακα καὶ τὰ μαλάκια.
But the bloodless do not all simply produce larvae; for the insects and those that bring forth an imperfect egg, such as the fishes scaled with bony scales, the crustacea, and the molluscs, overlap with one another.
τούτων μὲν γὰρ τὰ ᾠὰ σκωληκώδη ἐστίν (αὔξησιν γὰρ λαμβάνει θύραζε), ἐκείνων δ’ οἱ σκώληκες γίνονται προϊόντες ᾠοειδεῖς· ὃν δὲ τρόπον, ἐν τοῖς ὕστερον διοριοῦμεν.
For the eggs of the latter are larval (for they receive growth outwardly), while the larvae of the former as they proceed become egg-like; but in what manner, we shall determine in what follows.
δεῖ δὲ νοῆσαι ὡς εὗ καὶ ἐφεξῆς τὴν γένεσιν ἀποδίδωσιν ἡ φύσις.
And one must understand how well and in order nature assigns generation.
τὰ μὲν γὰρ τελεώτερα καὶ θερμότερα τῶν ζῴων τέλειον ἀποδίδωσι τὸ τέκνον κατὰ τὸ ποιόν (κατὰ δὲ τὸ ποσὸν ὅλως οὐθὲν τῶν ζῴων· πάντα γὰρ γενόμενα λαμβάνει αὔξησιν), καὶ γεννᾷ δὴ ταῦτα ζῷα ἐν αὑτοῖς εὐθύς.
For the more perfect and warmer of animals deliver the offspring perfect in quality (in quantity indeed, absolutely none of the animals, for all when born receive growth), and these indeed generate animals within themselves immediately.
τὰ δὲ δεύτερα ἐν αὑτοῖς μὲν οὐ γεννᾷ τέλεια εὐθύς (ζῳοτοκεῖ γὰρ ᾠοτοκήσαντα πρῶτὸν), θύραζε δὲ ζῳοτοκεῖ τὰ δὲ ζῷον μὲν οὐ τέλειον γεννᾷ, ᾠὸν δὲ γεννᾷ, καὶ τοῦτο τέλειον τὸ ᾠόν.
But the second do not generate within themselves perfect offspring immediately (for they bring forth alive having first produced eggs), but outwardly they bring forth alive; while others do not generate a perfect animal, but generate an egg, and this a perfect egg.