§2.1#1Τὸ δὲ θῆλυ καὶ τὸ ἄρρεν ὅτι μέν εἰσιν ἀρχαὶ γενέσεως εἴρηται πρότερον, καὶ τίς ἡ δύναμις καὶ ὁ λόγος τῆς οὐσίας αὐτῶν·
That the female and the male are principles of generation has been said before, as well as what their power and the definition of their essence are.
διὰ τί δὲ γίνεται καὶ ἔστι τὸ μὲν θῆλυ τὸ δ’ ἄρρεν, ὡς μὲν ἐξ ἀνάγκης καὶ τοῦ πρώτου κινοῦντος καὶ ὁποίας ὕλης, προϊόντα πειρᾶσθαι δεῖ φράζειν τὸν λόγον, ὡς δὲ διὰ τὸ βέλτιον καὶ τὴν αἰτίαν τὴν ἕνεκά τινος, ἄνωθεν ἔχει τὴν ἀρχήν.
But as to why one comes to be and is female and the other male, from the standpoint of necessity, of the first mover, and of what kind of matter (on the one hand), we must try to state the reason as we proceed; but from the standpoint of the better and the cause for the sake of something (on the other), it has its principle from above.
ἐπεὶ γάρ ἐστι τὰ μὲν ἀΐδια καὶ θεῖα τῶν ὄντων, τὰ δ’ ἐνδεχόμενα καὶ εἶναι καὶ μὴ εἶναι, τὸ δὲ καλὸν καὶ τὸ θεῖον αἴτιον ἀεὶ κατὰ τὴν αὑτοῦ φύσιν τοῦ βελτίονος ἐν τοῖς ἐνδεχομένοις, τὸ δὲ μὴ ἀΐδιον ἐνδεχόμενόν ἐστι καὶ εἶναι καὶ μεταλαμβάνειν καὶ τοῦ χείρονος καὶ τοῦ βελτίονος, βέλτιον δὲ ψυχὴ μὲν σώματος, τὸ δ’ ἔμψυχον τοῦ ἀψύχου διὰ τὴν ψυχήν, καὶ τὸ εἶναι τοῦ μὴ εἶναι καὶ τὸ ζῆν τοῦ μὴ ζῆν, διὰ ταύτας τὰς αἰτίας γένεσις ζῴων ἐστίν.
For since some of the things that exist are eternal and divine, while others are capable of both being and not being, and the beautiful and the divine is always, according to its own nature, the cause of the better in things that are possible, and that which is not eternal is capable of both being and participating in both the worse and the better, and soul is better than body, and that which is animate is better than the inanimate because of the soul, and to be is better than not to be, and to live than not to live, for these causes there is generation of animals.
ἐπεὶ γὰρ ἀδύνατος ἡ φύσις τοῦ τοιούτου γένους ἀΐδιος εἶναι, καθ’ ὃν ἐνδέχεται τρόπον, κατὰ τοῦτόν ἐστιν ἀΐδιον τὸ γινόμενον.
For since the nature of such a class is unable to be eternal, in the way that is possible, in this way that which comes to be is eternal.
ἀριθμῷ μὲν οὖν ἀδύνατον (ἡ γὰρ οὐσία τῶν ὄντων ἐν τῷ καθ’ ἕκαστον· τοιοῦτον δ’ εἴπερ ἦν, ἀΐδιον ἂν ἦν), εἴδει δ’ ἐνδέχεται.
In number, indeed, it is impossible (for the essence of existing things is in the particular, and if the particular were of such a kind, it would be eternal), but in species it is possible.
διὸ γένος ἀεὶ ἀνθρώπων καὶ ζῴων ἐστὶ καὶ φυτῶν.
Wherefore there is always a class of humans, of animals, and of plants.
ἐπεὶ δὲ τούτων ἀρχὴ τὸ θῆλυ καὶ τὸ ἄρρεν, ἕνεκα τῆς γενέσεως ἂν εἴη τὸ θῆλυ καὶ τὸ ἄρρεν ἐν τοῖς οὖσιν.
And since the principle of these is the female and the male, the female and the male would exist in things for the sake of generation.
βελτίονος δὲ καὶ θειοτέρας τὴν φύσιν οὔσης τῆς αἰτίας τῆς κινούσης πρώτης, ᾗ ὁ λόγος ὑπάρχει καὶ τὸ εἶδος τῆς ὕλης, βέλτιον καὶ τὸ κεχωρίσθαι τὸ κρεῖτἐνδέχεται, τον τοῦ χείρονος.
And since the first moving cause—to which the definition and the form belong—is better and more divine in nature than the matter, it is also better for the superior to be separated from the inferior.
διὰ τοῦτ’ ἐν ὅσρισ ἐνδέχεται καὶ καθ’ ὅσον κεχώρισται τοῦ θήλεος τὸ ἄρρεν.
For this reason, in all things where it is possible and as far as it is possible, the male is separated from the female.
βέλτιον γὰρ καὶ θειότερον ἡ ἀρχὴ τῆς κινήσεως, ἣ ἄρρεν ὑπάρχει τοῖς γινομένοις· ὕλη δὲ τὸ ἣ θῆλυ.
For the principle of movement, which belongs to the male in things that come to be, is better and more divine, while the female is matter.
συνέρχεται δὲ καὶ μίγνυται πρὸς τὴν ἐργασίαν τῆς γενέσεως τῷ θήλει τὸ ἄρρεν· αὕτη γὰρ κοινὴ ἀμφοτέροις.
And the male comes together and mixes with the female for the work of generation, for this is common to both.
κατὰ μὲν οὖν τὸ μετέχειν τοῦ θήλεος καὶ τοῦ ἄρρενος ζῇ, διὸ καὶ τὰ φυτὰ μετέχει ζωῆς· κατὰ δὲ τὴν αἴσθησιν τὸ τῶν ζῴων ἐστὶ γένος.
Therefore, in respect of participating in the female and the male they live, wherefore also plants participate in life; but in respect of sensation is the class of animals.
τούτων δὲ σχεδὸν ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς πορευτικοῖς κεχώρισται τὸ θῆλυ καὶ τὸ ἄρρεν διὰ τὰς εἰρημένας αἰτίας· καὶ τούτων τὰ μέν, ὥσπερ ἐλέχθη, προΐεται σπέρμα, τὰ δ’ οὐ προΐεται ἐν τῷ συνδυασμῷ.
And in these, in almost all that are capable of locomotion, the female is separated from the male for the causes mentioned; and of these, some, as was said, emit semen, while others do not emit it in copulation.
τούτου δ’ αἴτιον ὅτι τὰ τιμιώτερα καὶ αὐταρκέστερα τὴν φύσιν ἐστίν, ὥστε μεγέθους μετειληφέναι.
And the cause of this is that they are more honorable and more self-sufficient in nature, so as to have participated in magnitude.
τοῦτο δ’ ὀυκ ἄνευ θερμότητος ψυχικῆς· ἀνάγκη γὰρ τὸ μεῖζον ὑπὸ πλείονος κινεῖσθαι δυνάμεως, τὸ δὲ θερμὸν κινητικόν.
And this is not without psychical heat; for it is necessary that the larger be moved by a greater power, and heat is motive.
διόπερ, ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πᾶν βλέψαντας εἰπεῖν, τὰ ἔναιμα μείζω τῶν ἀναίμων καὶ τὰ πορευτικὰ τῶν μονίμων ζῴων· ἅπερ προΐεται σπέρμα διὰ τὴν θερμότητα καὶ τὸ μέγεθος.
Wherefore, to speak looking at the whole, blooded animals are larger than bloodless ones, and those capable of locomotion larger than stationary animals; which emit semen because of their heat and magnitude.
Καὶ περὶ μὲν ἄρρενος καὶ θήλεος, δι’ ἣν αἰτίαν ἐστὶν ἑκάτερον, εἴρηται.
And concerning the male and female, for what cause each exists, has been said.
τῶν δὲ ζῴων τὰ μὲν τελεσιουργεῖ καὶ ἐκπέμπει θύραζε ὅμοιον ἑαυτῷ, οἷον ὅσα ζῳοτοκεῖ εἰς τοὐμφάνες, τὰ δὲ ἀδιάρθρωτον ἐκτίκτει καὶ οὐκ ἀπειληφὸς τὴν αὑτοῦ μορφήν.
But of animals, some bring to completion and send forth without what is like themselves, such as all that bring forth alive into the open; others bring forth what is unarticulated and has not received its own form.
τῶν δὲ τοιούτων τὰ μὲν ἔναιμα ᾠοτοκεῖ, τὰ δ’ ἄναιμα σκωληκοτοκεῖ.
And of such, the blooded lay eggs, while the bloodless produce larvae.
διαφέρει δ’ ᾠὸν καὶ σκώληξ· ᾠὸν μὲν γάρ ἐστιν ἐξ οὗ γίνεται τὸ γινόμενον ἐκ μέρους, τὸ δὲ λοιπόν ἐστι τροφὴ τῷ γινομένῳ, σκώληξ δ’ ἐξ οὗ τὸ γινόμενον ὅλου ὅλον γίνεται.
And an egg differs from a larva; for an egg is that from a part of which that which comes to be comes to be, while the remainder is food for that which comes to be, whereas a larva is that from the whole of which that which comes to be comes to be as a whole.
τῶν δὲ εἰς τὸ φανερὸν ὅμοιον ἀποτελούντων ζῷον καὶ ζῳοτοκούντων τὰ μὲν εὐθὺς ἐν αὑτοῖς ζῳοτοκεῖ, οἷον ἄνθρωπος καὶ ἵππος καὶ βοῦς καὶ τῶν θαλαττίων δὲ δελφὶς καὶ τἆλλα τὰ τοιαῦτα, τὰ δ’ ἐν αὑτοῖς ᾠοτοκήσαντα πρῶτον οὕτω ζῳοτοκεῖ θύραζε, οἷον τὰ σελάχη καλούμενα.
And of those that bring to completion a like animal into the open and are viviparous, some are viviparous immediately within themselves, such as human, horse, ox, and among marine animals the dolphin and other such; others having first produced eggs within themselves are thus viviparous outwardly, as the so-called cartilaginous fishes.
τῶν δ’ ᾠοτοκούντων τὰ μὲν τέλειον προΐεται τὸ ᾠόν, οἷον ὄρνιθες καὶ ὅσα τετράποδα ᾠοτοκεῖ καὶ ὅσα ἄποδα, οἷον σαῦραι καὶ χελῶναι καὶ τῶν ὄφεων τὸ πλεῖστον γένος (τὰ γὰρ τούτων ᾠὰ ὅταν ἐξέλθῃ, οὐκέτι λαμβάνει αὔξησιν), τὰ δ’ ἀτελῆ, οἷον οἵ τ’ ἰχθύες καὶ τὰ μαλακόστρακα καὶ τὰ μαλάκια καλούμενα· τούτων γὰρ τὰ ᾠὰ αὐξάνεται ἐξελθόντα.
And of the oviparous, some emit a perfect egg, such as birds and all quadrupeds that lay eggs and all legless ones, such as lizards, tortoises, and the greater part of the class of serpents (for their eggs, when they have gone out, do not receive any further growth); others emit imperfect ones, such as fishes, crustacea, and the so-called molluscs; for the eggs of these grow after going out.
πάντα δὲ τὰ ζῳοτοκοῦντα ἢ ᾠοτοκοῦντα ἔναιμά ἐστιν, καὶ τὰ ἔναιμα ἢ ζῳοτοκεῖ ἢ ᾠοτοκεῖ, ὅσα μὴ ὅλως ἄγονά ἐστιν.
And all that are viviparous or oviparous are blooded, and blooded animals are either viviparous or oviparous, as many as are not altogether sterile.