§1.13Ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἕτερος ὁ πόρος δι’ οὗ ἥ τε ξηρὰ περίττωσις ἐξέρχεται καὶ δι’ οὗ ἡ ὑγρὰ τούτοις πᾶσιν.
There is also a different passage through which the dry residue goes out and that through which the wet residue goes out in all these animals.
διὸ ἔχουσιν αἰδοῖα τὰ τοιαῦτα πάντα καὶ τὰ ἄρρενα καὶ τὰ θήλεα, καθ’ ὃ ἐκκρίνεται τὸ περίττωμα τὸ ὑγρὸν καὶ τοῖς μὲν ἄρρεσι τὸ σπέρμα, τοῖς δὲ θήλεσι τὸ κύημα.
Therefore, all such animals, both male and female, have generative organs, through which the wet residue is excreted, and in males the semen, and in females the fetus.
οὗτος δ’ ἐπάνω καὶ ἐν τοῖς προσθίοις ὑπάρχει ὁ πόρος τῆς ξηρᾶς τροφῆς.
And this passage is situated above and in front of the passage for the dry food.
ὅσα δ’ ᾠοτοκεῖ μὲν ἀτελὲς δ’ ᾠόν, οἷον ὅσοι τῶν ἰχθύων ᾠοτοκοῦσιν, οὗτοι δ’ οὐχ ὑπὸ τῇ γαστρὶ ἀλλὰ πρὸς τῇ ὀσφύϊ ἔχουσι τὰς ὑστέρας.
But those that are oviparous of an imperfect egg, like those of the fish that are oviparous, have their uteri not under the belly but near the loins.
οὔτε γὰρ ἐμποδίζει ἡ τοῦ ᾠοῦ αὔξησις, διὰ τὸ ἔξω τελειοῦσθαι καὶ προϊέναι τὸ αὐξανόμενον·
For the growth of the egg does not hinder them, because the egg reaches maturity outside, passing out as it grows.
ὅ τε πόρος ὁ αὐτός ἐστι καὶ ἐν τοῖς μὴ ἔχουσι γεννητικὸν αἰδοῖον, ὁ τῆς ξηρᾶς τροφῆς πᾶσι τοῖς ᾠοτόκοις καὶ τοῖς ἔχουσιν αὐτῶν κύστιν, οἷον ταῖς χελώναις.
And the passage is the same as that for the dry food in those that do not have a generative organ, in all oviparous animals, even in those among them that have a bladder, such as turtles.
τῆς γενέσεως γὰρ ἕνεκεν, οὐ τῆς τοῦ ὑγροῦ περιττώματος ἐκκρίσεως εἰσὶ διττοὶ οἱ πόροι· διὰ δὲ τὸ ὑγρὰν εἶναι τὴν φύσιν τοῦ σπέρματος καὶ ἡ τῆς ὑγρᾶς τροφῆς περίττωσις κεκοινώνηκε τοῦ αὐτοῦ πόρου.
For it is for the sake of generation, not for the excretion of the wet residue, that there are two passages; but because the nature of the semen is liquid, the residue of liquid food has also come to share the same passage.
δῆλον δὲ τοῦτο ἐκ τοῦ σπέρμα μὲν πάντα φέρειν τὰ ζῷα, περίττωμα δὲ μὴ πᾶσι γίνεσθαι ὑγρόν.
This is clear from the fact that all animals produce semen, but liquid residue does not occur in all.
ἐπεὶ οὖν δεῖ καὶ τοὺς τῶν ἀρρένων πόρους τοὺς σπερματικοὺς ἐρηρεῖσθαι καὶ μὴ πλανᾶσθαι, καὶ τοῖς θήλεσι τὰς ὑστέρας, τοῦτο δ’ ἀναγκαῖον ἢ πρὸς τὰ πρόσθια τοῦ σώματος ἢ πρὸς τὰ πρανῆ συμβαίνειν, τοῖς μὲν ζῳοτόκοις διὰ τὰ ἔμβρυα ἐν τοῖς προσθίοις αἱ ὑστέραι, τοῖς δ’ ᾠοτόκοις πρὸς τῇ ὀσφύϊ καὶ τοῖς πρανέσιν, ὅσα δ’ ᾠοτοκήσαντα ἐν αὑτοῖς ζῳοτοκεῖ ἐκτός, ταῦτα δ’ ἀμφοτέρως ἔχει διὰ τὸ μετειληφέναι ἀμφοτέρων καὶ εἶναι καὶ ζῳοτόκα καὶ ᾠοτόκα.
Since, then, the spermatic ducts of the males must be firmly fixed and not wander, and likewise the uteri in the females, and this must necessarily happen either towards the front of the body or towards the dorsal parts, in viviparous animals the uteri are in the front because of the embryos, but in oviparous ones they are near the loins and the dorsal parts. Those that produce eggs within themselves but are viviparous externally have them in both ways because they share in both characters, being both viviparous and oviparous.
τὰ μὲν γὰρ ἄνω τῆς ὑστέρας, καὶ ᾗ γίγνεται τὰ ᾠά, ὑπὸ τὸ ὑπόζωμα πρὸς τῇ ὀσφύϊ ἐστὶ καὶ τοῖς πρανέσι, προϊούσης δὲ κάτω ἐπὶ τῇ γαστρί· ταύτῃ γὰρ ζῳοτοκεῖ ἤδη.
For the upper parts of the uterus, where the eggs are formed, are under the diaphragm near the loins and the dorsal parts, but as it proceeds downwards it is upon the belly; for there it now bears the live young.
ὁ δὲ πόρος εἷς καὶ τούτοις τῆς τε ξηρᾶς περιττώσεως καὶ τῆς ὀχείας· οὐθὲν γὰρ ἔχει τούτων αἰδοῖον, καθάπερ εἴρηται πρότερον, ἀπηρτημένον.
And the passage is single in these too, both for the dry residue and for copulation; for none of them has a separate external generative organ, as has been said before.
ὁμοίως δ’ ἔχουσι καὶ οἱ τῶν ἀρρένων πόροι, καὶ τῶν ἐχόντων καὶ τῶν μὴ ἐχόντων ὄρχεις, ταῖς τῶν ᾠοτόκων ὑστέ ραις.
And the ducts of the males, both of those that have and those that do not have testes, are situated similarly to the uteri of oviparous animals.
πᾶσι γὰρ πρὸς τοῖς πρανέσι προσπεφύκασι καὶ κατὰ τὸν τόπον τῆς ῥάχεως.
For they are attached to the dorsal parts in all of them, in the region of the backbone.
δεῖ μὲν γὰρ μὴ πλανᾶσθαι ἀλλ’ ἑδραίους εἶναι, τοιοῦτος δ’ ὁ ὄπισθεν τόπος· οὗτος γὰρ τὸ συνεχὲς παρέχει καὶ τὴν στάσιν.
For they must not wander but be firmly fixed, and the back region is such; for this provides continuity and support.
τοῖς μὲν οὖν ἐντὸς ἔχουσι τοὺς ὄρχεις εὐθὺς ἐρηρεισμένοι εἰσὶν ἅμα τοῖς πόροις, καὶ τοῖς ἐκτὸς δ’ ὁμοίως· εἶτ’ ἀπαντῶσιν εἰς ἓν πρὸς τὸν τοῦ αἰδοίου τόπον.
So, in those that have testes inside, they are immediately fixed together with the ducts, and similarly in those that have them outside; then they meet in one toward the region of the generative organ.
ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τοῖς δελφῖσιν οἱ πόροι ἔχουσιν· ἀλλὰ τοὺς ὄρχεις ἔχουσι κεκρυμμένους ὑπὸ τὸ περὶ τὴν γαστέρα κύτος.
And in dolphins, the ducts are situated similarly; but they have the testes hidden under the cavity around the belly.
Πῶς μὲν οὖν ἔχουσι τῇ θέσει περὶ τὰ μόρια τὰ συντελοῦντα πρὸς τὴν γένεσιν, καὶ διὰ τίνας αἰτίας, εἴρηται·
How, then, the parts contributing to generation are situated, and for what reasons, has been stated.
§1.14τῶν δ’ ἄλλων ζῴων τῶν ἀναίμων οὐχ ὁ αὐτὸς τρόπος τῶν μορίων τῶν πρὸς τὴν γένεσιν συντελούντων οὔτε τοῖς ἐναίμοις οὔθ’ ἑαυτοῖς.
In the other, bloodless animals, the manner of the parts contributing to generation is not the same as in blooded animals, nor among themselves.
ἔστι δὲ γένη τέτταρα τὰ λοιπά, ἓν μὲν τὸ τῶν μαλακοστράκων, δεύτερον δὲ τὸ τῶν μαλακίων, τρίτον δὲ· τὸ τῶν ἐντόμων, καὶ τέταρτον τὸ τῶν ὀστρακοδέρμων.
The remaining groups are four: first, crustaceans; second, cephalopods; third, insects; and fourth, testaceans.
τούτων δὲ περὶ μὲν πάντων ἄδηλον, τὰ δὲ πλεῖστα ὅτι οὐ συνδυάζεται φανερόν· τίνα δὲ συνίσταται τρόπον, ὕστερον λεκτέον.
Of these, regarding all of them it is unclear, but it is clear that most do not copulate; how they are constituted must be spoken of later.
τὰ δὲ μαλακόστρακα συνδυάζεται μὲν ὥσπερ τὰ ὀπισθουρητικά, ὅταν τὸ μὲν ὕπτιον τὸ δὲ πρανὲς ἐπαλλάξῃ τὰ οὐραῖα· τοῖς γὰρ ὑπτίοις πρὸς τὰ πρανῆ ἐπιβαίνειν ἐμποδίζει τὰ οὐραὶα μακρὰν ἔχοντα τὴν ἀπάρτησιν τῶν πτερυγίων.
But crustaceans copulate like retromingent animals, when one being supine and the other prone overlap their tails; for their tails, having a long projection of fins, prevent those that are supine from mounting on the prone ones.
ἔχουσι δ’ οἱ μὲν ἄρρενες λεπτοὺς πόρους θορικούς, αἱ δὲ θήλειαι ὑστέρας ὑμενώδεις παρὰ τὸ ἔντερον, ἔνθεν καὶ ἔνθεν ἐσχισμένας· ἐν αἷς ἐγγίνεται τὸ ᾠόν.
And the males have thin seminal ducts, and the females have membranous uteri along the intestine, split on this side and on that, in which the egg is formed.