§7.8περὶ μὲν οὖν ὁμονοίας καὶ εὐνοίας εἰρήσθω τοσαῦτα·
Let so much be said, then, about concord and goodwill.
ἀπορεῖται δὲ διὰ τί μᾶλλον φιλοῦσιν οἱ ποιήσαντες εὖ τοὺς παθόντας ἢ οἱ παθόντες εὖ τοὺς ποιήσαντας.
But a question is raised why those who have done good love those who have received it more than those who have received it love those who have done it.
δοκεῖ δὲ δίκαιον εἶναι τοὐναντίον.
But the opposite seems to be just.
τοῦτο δʼ ὑπολάβοι μὲν ἄν τις διὰ τὸ χρήσιμον καὶ τὸ αὐτῷ ὠφέλιμον συμβαίνειν· τῷ μὲν γὰρ ὀφείλεται, τὸν δʼ ἀποδοῦναι δεῖ.
One might suppose this to happen because of utility and what is beneficial to oneself; for to the one a debt is owed, while the other ought to pay it back.
οὐκ ἔστι δὲ τοῦτο μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ φυσικόν.
But this is not the only reason, but it is also natural.
ἡ γὰρ ἐνέργεια αἱρετώτερον, τὸν αὐτὸν δὲ λόγον ἔχει τὸ ἔργον καὶ ἡ ἐνέργεια, ὁ δʼ εὖ παθὼν ὥσπερ ἔργον τοῦ εὖ ποιήσαντος.
For activity is more desirable, and the product and the activity stand in the same relation, and the one who has received good is like a product of the one who has done good.
διὸ καὶ ἐν τοῖς ζῴοις ἡ περὶ τὰ τέκνα σπουδὴ ἐστί, καὶ τοῦ γεννῆσαι καὶ τὰ γεννώμενα σῴζειν.
Therefore, also among animals there is devotion toward their offspring, both in producing them and in preserving what is produced.
καὶ φιλοῦσι δὴ μᾶλλον οἱ πατέρες τὰ τέκνα (καὶ αἱ μητέρες τῶν πατέρων) ἢ φιλοῦνται· καὶ οὗτοι πάλιν τὰ αὑτῶν ἢ τοὺς γεννήσαντας, διὰ τὸ τὴν ἐνέργειαν εἶναι τὸ ἄριστον· καὶ αἱ μητέρες τῶν πατέρων, ὅτι μᾶλλον οἴονται αὑτῶν εἶναι ἔργον τὰ τέκνα· τὸ γὰρ ἔργον τῷ χαλεπῷ διορίζουσι, πλείω δὲ λυπεῖται περὶ τὴν γένεσιν μήτηρ.
And indeed fathers love their children more (and mothers more than fathers) than they are loved; and these in turn love their own children more than those who begot them, because activity is the best thing; and mothers love more than fathers, because they think the children are more their own product; for they define the product by its difficulty, and a mother suffers more pain in giving birth.
§7.9καὶ περὶ μὲν φιλίας τῆς πρὸς αὑτὸν καὶ τῆς ἐν πλείοσι διωρίσθω τὸν τρόπον τοῦτον·
And let friendship toward oneself and that among several persons be defined in this way.
δοκεῖ δὲ τό τε δίκαιον εἶναι ἴσον τι καὶ ἡ φιλία ἐν ἰσότητι, εἰ μὴ μάτην λέγεται ἰσότης φιλότης.
But justice seems to be a kind of equality, and friendship is in equality, unless "equality is friendship" is said in vain.
αἱ δὲ πολιτεῖαι πᾶσαι δικαίου τι εἶδος· κοινωνία γάρ, τὸ δὲ κοινὸν πᾶν διὰ τοῦ δικαίου συνέστηκεν, ὥστε ὅσα εἴδη φιλίας, καὶ δικαίου καὶ κοινωνίας, καὶ πάντα ταῦτα σύνορα ἀλλήλοις, καὶ ἐγγὺς ἔχει τὰς διαφοράς.
And all constitutions are a kind of justice; for they are a community, and everything common has been established through justice, so that there are as many kinds of friendship as there are of justice and of community, and all these are conterminous with one another, and have their differences close by.
ἐπεὶ δʼ ὁμοίως ἔχει ψυχὴ πρὸς σῶμα καὶ τεχνίτης πρὸς ὄργανον καὶ δεσπότης πρὸς δοῦλον, τούτων μὲν οὐκ ἔστι κοινωνία.
But since the relation of soul to body, of craftsman to tool, and of master to slave is similar, there is no community among these.
οὐ γὰρ δύʼ ἐστίν, ἀλλὰ τὸ μὲν ἕν, τὸ δὲ τοῦ ἑνός.
For they are not two, but the one is a single thing, and the other belongs to the single thing.
οὐδὲ διαιρετὸν τὸ ἀγαθὸν ἑκατέρῳ, ἀλλὰ τὸ ἀμφοτέρων τοῦ ἑνὸς οὗ ἕνεκα ἐστίν.
Nor is the good divisible for each of them, but the good of both belongs to the one for whose sake they exist.
τό τε γὰρ σῶμά ἐστιν ὄργανον σύμφυτον, καὶ τοῦ δεσπότου ὁ δοῦλος ὥσπερ μόριον καὶ ὄργανον ἀφαιρετόν, τὸ δʼ ὄργανον ὥσπερ δοῦλος ἄψυχος.
For the body is a connate tool, and the slave is like a part and a separable tool of the master, and the tool is like a soulless slave.
αἱ δʼ ἄλλαι κοινωνίαι εἰσὶν μόριον τῶν τῆς πόλεως κοινωνιῶν, οἷον ἡ τῶν φρατέρων ἢ τῶν ὀργίων, ἢ αἱ χρηματιστικαὶ ἔτι πολιτεῖαι.
But other communities are a part of the communities of the state, such as that of clansmen or of religious associations, or further, commercial partnerships.
αἱ δὲ πολιτεῖαι πᾶσαι ἐν οἰκείοις συνυπάρχουσι, καὶ αἱ ὀρθαὶ καὶ αἱ παρεκβάσεις (ἔστι γὰρ τὸ αὐτὸ ὥσπερ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἁρμονιῶν καὶ τῶν ἐν ταῖς πολιτείαις)· βασιλικὴ μὲν ἡ τοῦ γεννήσαντος, ἀριστοκρατικὴ δʼ ἡ ἀνδρὸς καὶ γυναικός, πολιτεία δʼ ἡ τῶν ἀδελφῶν· παρέκβασις δὲ τούτων τυραννὶς ὀλιγαρχία δῆμος.
And all constitutions co-exist in households, both the correct ones and the deviations (for the same thing occurs as in the case of harmonies and of political constitutions): royal constitution is that of the father, aristocratic is that of husband and wife, and polity is that of brothers; and the deviations from these are tyranny, oligarchy, and democracy.
καὶ τὰ δίκαια δὴ τοσαῦτα.
And the forms of justice are also just as many.
ἐπεὶ δὲ τὸ ἴσον τὸ μὲν κατʼ ἀριθμὸν τὸ δὲ κατʼ ἀναλογίαν, καὶ τοῦ δικαίου εἴδη ἔσται καὶ τῆς φιλίας καὶ τῆς κοινωνίας.
And since the equal is partly in number and partly in proportion, there will also be kinds of justice, of friendship, and of community.
κατʼ ἀριθμὸν μὲν γὰρ ἡ δημοκρατικὴ κοινωνία καὶ ἡ ἑταιρικὴ φιλία, τῷ γὰρ αὐτῷ ὅρῳ μετρεῖται· κατʼ ἀναλογίαν δὲ ἡ ἀριστοκρατικὴ ἀρίστη καὶ βασιλική.
For the democratic community and friendship of companions are according to number, since they are measured by the same standard; while the aristocratic, which is the best, and the royal are according to proportion.
οὐ γὰρ ταὐτὸν δίκαιον τῷ ὑπερέχοντι καὶ ὑπερεχομένῳ, ἀλλὰ τὸ ἀνάλογον.
For justice is not the same for the superior and the inferior, but is proportional.
καὶ ἡ φιλία δὲ ὁμοίως πατρὸς καὶ παιδός, καὶ ἐν ταῖς κοινωνίαις ὁ αὐτὸς τρόπος.
And friendship likewise is that of father and child, and in communities the same manner holds.