§10#3Ἔτι ἐπὶ μὲν τῶν ἐναντίων, ὑπάρχοντος τοῦ δεκτικοῦ, δυνατὸν εἰς ἄλληλα μεταβολὴν γίνεσθαι, εἰ μή τινι φύσει τὸ ἓν ὑπάρχει, οἷον τῷ πυρὶ τὸ θερμῷ· εἶναι·
Furthermore, in the case of contraries, as long as the receptive subject exists, a change into one another is possible, unless one belongs to something by nature, as being hot does to fire.
καὶ γὰρ τὸ ὑγιαῖνον δυνατὸν νοσῆσαι καὶ τὸ λευκὸν μέλαν γενέσθαι καὶ τὸ ψυχρὸν θερμόν, καὶ ἐκ σπουδαίου γε φαῦλον καὶ ἐκ φαύλου σπουδαῖον δυνατὸν γενέσθαι.
For it is possible for that which is healthy to become sick, for the white to become black, for the cold to become hot, and indeed it is possible to become bad from being good and good from being bad.
Ὁ γὰρ φαῦλος εἰς βελτίους διατριβὰς ἀγόμενος καὶ λόγους κἂν μικρόν γέ τι ἐπιδοίη εἰς τὸ βελτίων εἶναι.
For the bad man, if led into better practices and discourses, would improve, even if only a little, toward being better.
Ἐὰν δὲ ἅπαξ κἂν μικρὰν ἐπίδοσιν λάβῃ, φανερὸν ὅτι ἢ τελέως ἂν μεταβάλοι ἢ πάνυ πολλὴν ἐπίδοσιν λάβοι· ἀεὶ γὰρ εὐκινητότερος πρὸς ἀρετὴν γίνεται, κἂν ἡντινοῦν ἐπίδοσιν εἰληφὼς ἐξ ἀρχῆς ᾖ, ὥστε καὶ πλείω εἰκὸς ἐπίδοσιν αὐτὸν λαμβάνειν.
And if he once receives even a small improvement, it is clear that he would either change completely or receive a very great improvement; for he always becomes more easily moved toward virtue, even if he has received any improvement whatsoever from the beginning, so that it is likely that he will receive even more improvement.
Καὶ τοῦτο ἀεὶ γινόμενον τελείως εἰς τὴν ἐναντίαν ἕξιν ἀποκαθίστησιν, ἐάν περ μὴ χρόνῳ ἐξείργηται.
And this, always occurring, completely restores him to the contrary possession, unless he is prevented by time.
Ἐπὶ δέ γε τῆς ἕξεως καὶ τῆς στερήσεως ἀδύνατον εἰς ἄλληλα μεταβολὴν γενέσθαι.
But in the case of possession and privation, it is impossible for a change into one another to occur.
Ἀπὸ μὲν γὰρ τῆς ἕξεως ἐπὶ τὴν στέρησιν γίνεται μεταβολή, ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς στερήσεως ἐπὶ τὴν ἕξιν ἀδύνατον.
For while a change occurs from possession to privation, from privation to possession it is impossible.
Οὔτε γὰρ τυφλὸς γενόμενός τις πάλιν ἀνέβλεψεν, οὔτε φαλακρὸς ὢν πάλιν κομήτης ἐγένετο, οὔτε νωδὸς ὢν ὀδόντας ἔφυσεν.
For neither has anyone who became blind recovered his sight, nor has anyone who was bald become hairy again, nor has anyone who was toothless grown teeth.
Ὅσα δὲ ὡς κατάφασις καὶ ἀπόφασις ἀντίκειται, φανερὸν ὅτι κατ᾿ οὐδένα τῶν εἰρημένων τρόπων ἀντίκειται· ἐπὶ γὰρ μόνων τούτων ἀναγκαῖον ἀεὶ τὸ μὲν ἀληθὲς τὸ δὲ ψεῦδος αὐτῶν εἶναι.
But as for those which are opposed as affirmation and negation, it is clear that they are not opposed in any of the ways mentioned; for only in the case of these is it always necessary for one of them to be true and the other false.
Οὔτε γὰρ ἐπὶ τῶν ἐναντίων ἀναγκαῖον ἀεὶ θάτερον ἀληθὲς εἶναι θάτερον δὲ ψεῦδος, οὔτε ἐπὶ τῶν πρός τι, οὔτε ἐπὶ τῆς ἕξεως καὶ τῆς στερήσεως.
For neither in the case of contraries is it always necessary for one to be true and the other false, nor in the case of relatives, nor in the case of possession and privation.
Οἷον ἡ ὑγίεια καὶ ἡ νόσος ἐναντία, καὶ οὐδέτερόν γε οὔτε ἀληθὲς οὔτε ψεῦδός ἐστιν.
For example, health and sickness are contraries, and neither of them is either true or false.
Ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ τὸ διπλάσιον καὶ τὸ ἥμισυ ὡς τὰ πρός τι ἀντίκειται, καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν αὐτῶν οὐδέτερον οὔτε ἀληθὲς οὔτε ψεῦδος.
Likewise also the double and the half are opposed as relatives, and neither of them is either true or false.
Οὐδέ γε τὰ κατὰ στέρησιν καὶ ἕξιν, οἷον ἡ ὄψις καὶ ἡ τυφλότης.
Nor indeed are those in terms of privation and possession, e.g., sight and blindness.
Ὅλως δὲ τῶν κατὰ μηδεμίαν συμπλοκὴν λεγομένων οὐδὲν οὔτε ἀληθὲς οὔτε ψεῦδός ἐστιν· πάντα δὲ τὰ εἰρημένα ἄνευ συμπλοκῆς λέγεται.
And generally, of the things spoken of according to no combination, none is either true or false; and all the things mentioned are spoken of without combination.
Οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ μάλιστα ἂν δόξειε τὸ τοιοῦτο συμβαίνειν ἐπὶ τῶν κατὰ συμπλοκὴν ἐναντίων λεγομένων· τὸ γὰρ ὑγιαίνειν Σωκράτην τῷ νοσεῖν Σωκράτην ἐναντίον ἐστίν.
Not but what such a thing would seem most of all to happen in the case of contraries spoken of according to combination; for Socrates being healthy is contrary to Socrates being sick.
Ἀλλ᾿ οὐδ᾿ ἐπὶ τούτων ἀναγκαῖον ἀεὶ θάτερον μὲν ἀληθὲς θάτερον δὲ ψεῦδος εἶναι.
But not even in the case of these is it always necessary for one to be true and the other false.
Ὄντος μὲν γὰρ Σωκράτους ἔσται τὸ μὲν ἀληθὲς τὸ δὲ ψεῦδος, μὴ ὄντος δὲ ἀμφότερα ψευδῆ· οὔτε γὰρ τὸ νοσεῖν Σωκράτην οὔτε τὸ ὑγιαίνειν ἐστὶν ἀληθὲς αὐτοῦ μὴ ὄντος ὅλως τοῦ Σωκράτους.
For if Socrates exists, one will be true and the other false, but if he does not exist, both are false; for neither Socrates being sick nor being healthy is true when Socrates does not exist at all.
Ἐπὶ δὲ τῆς στερήσεως καὶ τῆς ἕξεως μὴ ὄντος τε ὅλως οὐδέτερον ἀληθές, ὄντος τε οὐκ ἀεὶ θάτερον ἀληθὲς θάτερον δὲ ψεῦδος· τὸ γὰρ ὄψιν ἔχειν Σωκράτην τῷ τυφλὸν εἶναι Σωκράτην ἀντίκειται ὡς στέρησις καὶ ἕξις, καὶ ὄντος τε οὐκ ἀναγκαῖον θάτερον ἀληθὲς εἶναι ἢ ψεῦδος (ὅτε γὰρ μήπω πέφυκεν ἔχειν, ἀμφότερα ψευδῆ), μὴ ὄντος τε ὅλως τοῦ Σωκράτους, καὶ οὕτω ψευδῆ ἀμφότερα, καὶ τὸ ὄψιν ἔχειν καὶ τὸ τυφλὸν αὐτὸν εἶναι.
And in the case of privation and possession, if he does not exist at all, neither is true, and even if he exists, it is not always the case that one is true and the other false; for Socrates having sight is opposed to Socrates being blind as privation and possession, and even if he exists, it is not necessary for one to be true or false (for when he is not yet naturally inborn to have it, both are false), and if Socrates does not exist at all, both are likewise false, both his having sight and his being blind.
Ἐπὶ δέ γε τῆς καταφάσεως καὶ τῆς ἀποφάσεως ἀεί, ἐάν τε ᾖ ἐάν τε μὴ ᾖ, τὸ ἕτερον ἔσται ψεῦδος καὶ τὸ ἕτερον ἀληθές.
But in the case of affirmation and negation, always, whether he exists or does not exist, the one will be false and the other true.
Τὸ γὰρ νοσεῖν Σωκράτην καὶ τὸ μὴ νοσεῖν Σωκράτην, ὄντος τε αὐτοῦ φανερὸν ὅτι τὸ ἕτερον αὐτῶν ἀληθὲς ἢ ψεῦδος, καὶ μὴ ὄντος ὁμοίως· τὸ μὲν γὰρ νοσεῖν μὴ ὄντος ψεῦδος, τὸ δὲ μὴ νοσεῖν ἀληθές.
For as for Socrates being sick and Socrates not being sick, it is clear that when he exists, one of them is true and the other false, and likewise when he does not exist; for being sick is false when he does not exist, and not being sick is true.
Ὥστε ἐπὶ μόνων τούτων ἴδιον ἂν εἴη τὸ ἀεὶ θάτερον αὐτῶν ἀληθὲς ἢ ψεῦδος εἶναι, ὅσα ὡς κατάφασις καὶ ἀπόφασις ἀντίκειται.
So that only in the case of those which are opposed as affirmation and negation would it be peculiar that one of them is always true or false.