§10#1Ὑπὲρ μὲν οὖν τῶν προτεθέντων γενῶν ἱκανὰ τὰ εἰρημένα· περὶ δὲ τῶν ἀντικειμένων, ποσαχῶς εἴωθεν ἀντικεῖσθαι, ῥητέον.
About the proposed genera, then, what has been said is sufficient; but about opposites, in how many ways they are customarily opposed, we must speak.
Λέγεται δὲ ἕτερον ἑτέρῳ ἀντικεῖσθαι τετραχῶς, ἢ ὡς τὰ πρός τι, ἢ ὡς τὰ ἐναντία, ἢ ὡς στέρησις καὶ ἕξις, ἢ ὡς κατάφασις καὶ ἀπόφασις.
One thing is said to be opposed to another in four ways: either as relatives, or as contraries, or as privation and possession, or as affirmation and negation.
Ἀντίκειται δὲ ἕκαστον τῶν τοιούτων ὡς τύπῳ εἰπεῖν ὡς μὲν τὰ πρός τι, οἷον τὸ διπλάσιον τῷ ἡμίσει, ὡς δὲ τὰ ἐναντία, οἷον τὸ κακὸν τῷ ἀγαθῷ, ὡς δὲ τὰ κατὰ στέρησιν καὶ ἕξιν, οἷον τυφλότης καὶ ὄψις, ὡς δὲ κατάφασις καὶ ἀπόφασις, οἷον κάθηται — οὐ κάθηται.
To speak in outline, each of such things is opposed as follows: as relatives, e.g., the double to the half; as contraries, e.g., the bad to the good; as by privation and possession, e.g., blindness and sight; as affirmation and negation, e.g., "he sits"—"he does not sit".
Ὅσα μὲν οὖν ὡς τὰ πρός τι ἀντίκειται, αὐτὰ ἅπερ ἐστὶ τῶν ἀντικειμένων λέγεται ἢ ὁπωσοῦν ἄλλως πρὸς αὐτά, οἷον τὸ διπλάσιον, αὐτὸ ὅπερ ἐστίν, ἑτέρου διπλάσιον λέγεται· τινὸς γὰρ διπλάσιον.
Those, then, that are opposed as relatives, are said to be what they are of their opposites, or in some other way in relation to them; e.g., the double, being just what it is, is said to be double of something else (for it is double of something).
Καὶ ἡ ἐπιστήμη δὲ τῷ ἐπιστητῷ ὡς τὰ πρός τι ἀντίκειται, καὶ λέγεταί γε ἡ ἐπιστήμη αὐτὸ ὅπερ ἐστὶ τοῦ ἐπιστητοῦ.
And knowledge is also opposed to the knowable as a relative, and knowledge is said to be just what it is of the knowable.
Καὶ τὸ ἐπιστητὸν δὲ αὐτὸ ὅπερ ἐστὶ πρὸς ἀντικείμενον λέγεται, τὴν ἐπιστήμην· τὸ γὰρ ἐπιστητὸν τινὶ λέγεται ἐπιστητόν, τῇ ἐπιστήμῃ.
And the knowable also is said to be just what it is in relation to its opposite, knowledge; for the knowable is said to be knowable to something, namely, to knowledge.
Ὅσα οὖν ἀντίκειται ὡς τὰ πρός τι, αὐτὰ ἅπερ ἐστὶν ἑτέρων λέγεται ἢ ὁπωσδήποτε πρὸς ἄλληλα λέγεται.
Those, therefore, which are opposed as relatives, are said to be what they are of others, or are in some way spoken of in relation to each other.
Τὰ δὲ ὡς τὰ ἐναντία, αὐτὰ μὲν ἅπερ ἐστὶν οὐδαμῶς πρὸς ἄλληλα λέγεται, ἐναντία μέντοι ἀλλήλων λέγεται· οὔτε γὰρ τὸ ἀγαθὸν τοῦ κακοῦ λέγεται ἀγαθόν, ἀλλ᾿ ἐναντίον, οὔτε τὸ λευκὸν τοῦ μέλανος λευκόν, ἀλλ᾿ ἐναντίον.
But those opposed as contraries are by no means said to be what they are in relation to each other, though they are said to be contraries of each other; for the good is not said to be good of the bad, but its contrary, nor is the white said to be white of the black, but its contrary.
Ὥστε διαφέρουσιν αὗται αἱ ἀντιθέσεις ἀλλήλων.
So these oppositions differ from one another.
Ὅσα δὲ τῶν ἐναντίων τοιαῦτά ἐστιν ὥστε ἐν οἷς πέφυκε γίνεσθαι ἢ ὧν κατηγορεῖται ἀναγκαῖον αὐτῶν θάτερον ὑπάρχειν, τούτων οὐδέν ἐστιν ἀνὰ μέσον.
And among contraries, those which are of such a kind that it is necessary for one or the other of them to belong to those things in which they naturally occur or of which they are predicated, have nothing intermediate between them.
Ὧν δέ γε μὴ ἀναγκαῖον θάτερον ὑπάρχειν, τούτων ἔστι τι ἀνὰ μέσον πάντως, οἷον νόσος καὶ ὑγίεια ἐν σώματι ζῴου πέφυκε γίνεσθαι, καὶ ἀναγκαῖόν γε θάτερον ὑπάρχειν τῷ τοῦ ζῴου σώματι, ἢ νόσον ἢ ὑγίειαν.
But those of which it is not necessary for one or the other to belong, have something intermediate in all cases; e.g., sickness and health naturally occur in the body of an animal, and it is indeed necessary for one or the other to belong to the body of an animal, either sickness or health.
Καὶ περιττὸν δὲ καὶ ἄρτιον ἀριθμοῦ κατηγορεῖται, καὶ ἀναγκαῖόν γε θάτερον τῷ ἀριθμῷ ὑπάρχειν, ἢ περιττὸν ἢ ἄρτιον.
And odd and even are predicated of number, and it is indeed necessary for one or the other to belong to number, either odd or even.
Καὶ οὐκ ἔστι γε τούτων οὐδὲν ἀνὰ μέσον, οὔτε νόσου καὶ ὑγιείας οὔτε περιττοῦ καὶ ἀρτίου.
And there is indeed nothing intermediate between these, neither between sickness and health, nor between odd and even.
Ὧν δέ γε μὴ ἀναγκαῖον θάτερον ὑπάρχειν, τούτων ἔστι τι ἀνὰ μέσον, οἷον μέλαν καὶ λευκὸν ἐν σώματι πέφυκε γίνεσθαι, καὶ οὐκ ἀναγκαῖόν γε θάτερον αὐτῶν ὑπάρχειν τῷ σώματι· οὐ γὰρ πᾶν ἤτοι λευκὸν ἢ μέλαν ἐστίν.
But those of which it is not necessary for one or the other to belong, have something intermediate; e.g., black and white naturally occur in a body, and it is not necessary for one or the other of them to belong to the body (for not everything is either white or black).
Καὶ φαῦλον δὲ καὶ σπουδαῖον κατηγορεῖται μὲν καὶ κατ᾿ ἀνθρώπου καὶ κατὰ ἄλλων πολλῶν, οὐκ ἀναγκαῖον δὲ θάτερον αὐτῶν ὑπάρχειν ἐκείνοις ὧν ἂν κατηγορῆται· οὐ γὰρ πάντα ἤτοι φαῦλα ἢ σπουδαῖά ἐστιν.
And bad and good are predicated both of man and of many other things, but it is not necessary for one of them to belong to those of which they are predicated; for not all things are either bad or good.
Καὶ ἔστι γέ τι τούτων ἀνὰ μέσον, οἷον τοῦ μὲν λευκοῦ καὶ μέλανος τὸ φαιὸν καὶ τὸ ὠχρὸν καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα χρώματα, τοῦ δὲ φαύλου καὶ σπουδαίου τὸ οὔτε φαῦλον οὔτε σπουδαῖον.
And there is indeed something intermediate between these; e.g., between white and black there is grey and yellow and all other colours, and between bad and good there is that which is neither bad nor good.
Ἐπ᾿ ἐνίων μὲν οὖν ὀνόματα κεῖται τοῖς ἀνὰ μέσον, οἷον λευκοῦ καὶ μέλανος τὸ φαιὸν καὶ τὸ ὠχρὸν καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα χρώματα· ἐπ᾿ ἐνίων δὲ ὀνόματι μὲν οὐκ εὔπορον τὸ ἀνὰ μέσον ἀποδοῦναι, τῇ δ᾿ ἑκατέρου τῶν ἄκρων ἀποφάσει τὸ ἀνὰ μέσον ὁρίζεται, οἷον τὸ οὔτε ἀγαθὸν οὔτε κακὸν καὶ οὔτε δίκαιον οὔτε ἄδικον.
For some, then, names are established for the intermediates, e.g., grey and yellow and all other colours between white and black; but for others, it is not easy to render the intermediate by a name, but the intermediate is defined by the negation of each of the extremes, e.g., that which is neither good nor bad, and neither just nor unjust.