§2.2#2ἔτι δʼ ὡς τὸ μῆκος τοῦ πλάτους πρότερον, εἰ τὸ μὲν ἄνω τοῦ μήκους ἀρχή, τὸ δὲ δεξιὸν χοῦ πλάτους, ἡ δὲ τοῦ προτέρου ἀρχὴ προτέρα, πρότερον ἂν εἴη τὸ ἄνω τοῦ δεξιοῦ κατὰ γένεσιν, ἐπειδὴ πολλαχῶς λέγεται τὸ πρότερον.
Furthermore, just as length is prior to breadth, if the upper is the principle of length, and the right of breadth, and the principle of the prior is prior, then the upper would be prior to the right in generation, since 'prior' is used in many senses.
πρὸς δὲ τούτοις, εἰ τὸ μὲν ἄνω ἐστὶ τὸ ὅθεν ἡ κίνησις, τὸ δὲ δεξιὸν ἀφʼ οὗ, τὸ δʼ εἰς τὸ πρόσθεν ἐφʼ ὅ, καὶ οὕτως ἂν ἔχοι τινὰ δύναμιν ἀρχῆς τὸ ἄνω πρὸς τὰς ἄλλας ἰδέας.
In addition to these, if the upper is that from which motion originates, the right is that from which it starts, and the front is that towards which it is directed, then in this way too the upper would have a certain power of a principle in relation to the other forms.
διά τε δὴ τὸ παραλείπειν τὰς κυριωτέρας ἀρχὰς δίκαιον αὐτοῖς ἐπιτιμᾶν, καὶ διότι ταύτας ἐν ἅπασιν ὁμοίως ἐνόμιζον ὑπάρχειν.
Therefore, it is just to censure them both because they omitted the more sovereign principles, and because they thought that these principles existed similarly in all things.
ἡμῖν δʼ ἐπειδὴ ὥρισται πρότερον ὅτι ἐν τοῖς ἔχουσιν ἀρχὴν κινήσεως αἱ τοιαῦται δυνάμεις ὑπάρχουσιν, ὁ δʼ οὐρανὸς ἔμψυχος καὶ ἔχει κινήσεως ἀρχήν, δῆλον ὅτι ἔχει καὶ τὸ ἄνω καὶ τὸ κάτω καὶ τὸ δεξιὸν καὶ τὸ ἀριστερόν.
But for us, since it has been determined before that such powers exist in those things that possess a principle of motion, and the heaven is animate and possesses a principle of motion, it is clear that it has both the upper and the lower, and the right and the left.
οὐ δεῖ γὰρ ἀπορεῖν διὰ τὸ σφαιροειδὲς εἶναι τὸ σχῆμα τοῦ παντός, ὅπως ἔσται τούτου τὸ μὲν δεξιὸν τὸ δὲ ἀριστερὸν ὁμοίων γʼ ὄντων τῶν μορίων ἁπάντων καὶ κινουμένων τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον, ἀλλὰ νοεῖν ὥσπερ ἂν εἴ τις, ἐν οἷς ἔχει τὸ δεξιὸν πρὸς τὸ ἀριστερὸν διαφορὰν καὶ τοῖς σχήμασιν, εἶτα περιθείη σφαῖραν·
For we must not be puzzled, because the shape of the whole is spherical, as to how one part of it will be right and another left, when all its parts are similar and move for all time; but we should conceive of it just as if someone, in things where the right has a difference from the left even in their shapes, were then to place a sphere around them.
ἕξει μὲν γὰρ τὴν δύναμιν διαφέρουσαν, δόξει δʼ οὐ διὰ τὴν ὁμοιότητα τοῦ σχήματος.
For it will still possess the different power, but it will not seem to do so because of the similarity of the shape.
τὸν αὐτὸν δὲ τρόπον καὶ περὶ τῆς ἀρχῆς τοῦ κινεῖσθαι·
And the same holds true concerning the principle of movement.
καὶ γὰρ εἰ μηδέποτʼ ἤρξατο, ὅμως ἔχειν ἀναγκαῖον ἀρχήν, ὅθεν ἂν ἤρξατο, εἰ ἤρχετο κινούμενον, κἂν εἰ σταίη, κινηθείη ἂν πάλιν.
For even if it never began, yet it must necessarily possess a principle, from which it would have begun, if it had begun to be moved, and from which, if it were to stand still, it would be moved again.
λέγω δὲ μῆκος μὲν αὐτοῦ τὸ κατὰ τούς πόλους διάστημα, καὶ τῶν πόλων τὸν μὲν ἄνω τὸν δὲ κάτω διαφορὰν γὰρ ἐν τούτοις μόνοις ὁρῶμεν τῶν ἡμισφαιρίων, τῷ μὴ κινεῖσθαι τούς πόλους.
And I mean by its length the distance between the poles, and of the poles I call one the upper and the other the lower; for in these alone do we see a difference between the hemispheres, because the poles do not move.
ἅμα δὲ καὶ εἰώθαμεν λέγειν τὰ πλάγια ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ οὐ τὸ ἄνω καὶ τὸ κάτω, ἀλλά τὸ παρὰ τοὺς πόλους, ὡς τούτου μήκους ὄντος· τὸ γὰρ εἰς τὸ πλάγιόν ἐστι τὸ παρὰ τὸ ἄνω καὶ τὸ κάτω.
And at the same time, we are also accustomed to speak of the sides in the world not as the upper and the lower, but as that which is alongside the poles, as though this were the length; for what is to the side is that which is alongside the upper and the lower.
τῶν δὲ πόλων. ὁ μὲν ὑπὲρ ἡμᾶς φαινόμενος τὸ κάτω μέρος ἐστίν, ὁ δʼ ἡμῖν ἄδηλος τὸ ἄνω.
And of the poles, the one that appears above us is the lower part, while the one invisible to us is the upper.
δεξιὸν γὰρ ἑκάστου λέγομεν, ὅθεν ἡ ἀρχὴ τῆς κατὰ τόπον κινήσεως· τοῦ δʼ οὐρανοῦ ἀρχὴν τῆς περιφορᾶς, ὅθεν αἱ ἀνατολαὶ τῶν ἄστρων, ὥστε τοῦτʼ ἂν εἴη δεξιόν, οὗ δʼ αἱ δύσεις, ἀριστερόν.
For we call the right of each thing that from which the principle of its locomotion starts; and the principle of the revolution of the heaven is that from which the stars rise, so that this would be the right, and where they set, the left.
εἰ οὖν ἄρχεται ἀπὸ τῶν δεξιῶν καὶ ἐπὶ τὰ δεξιὰ περιφέρεται, ἀνάγκη τὸ ἄνω εἶναι τὸν ἀφανῆ πόλον· εἰ γὰρ ἔσται ὁ φανερός, ἐπʼ ἀριστερὰ ἔσται ἡ κίνησις, ὅπερ οὔ φαμεν.
If, then, it starts from the right and revolves towards the right, the upper must necessarily be the invisible pole; for if it were the visible one, the motion would be towards the left, which we deny.
δῆλον τοίνυν ὅτι ὁ ἀφανὴς πόλος ἐστὶ τὸ ἄνω.
It is clear, then, that the invisible pole is the upper.
καὶ οἱ μὲν ἐκεῖ οἰκοῦντες ἐν τῷ ἄνω εἰσὶν ἡμισφαιρίῳ καὶ πρὸς τοῖς δεξιοῖς, ἡμεῖς δʼ ἐν τῷ κάτω καὶ πρὸς τοῖς ἀριστεροῖς, ἐναντίως ἢ ὡς οἱ Πυθαγόρειοι λέγουσιν· ἐκεῖνοι γὰρ ἡμᾶς ἄνω ποιοῦσι καὶ ἐν τῷ δεξιῷ μέρει, τούς δʼ ἐκεῖ κάτω καὶ ἐν τῷ ἀριστερῷ.
And those who live there are in the upper hemisphere and on the right side, while we are in the lower and on the left, contrary to what the Pythagoreans say; for they place us above and in the right part, and those there below and in the left.
συμβαίνει δὲ τοὐναντίον.
But the contrary is the case.
ἀλλὰ τῆς μὲν δευτέρας περιφορᾶς, οἷον τῆς τῶν πλανήτων, ἡμεῖς μὲν ἐν τοῖς ἄνω καὶ τοῖς δεξιοῖς ἐσμέν, ἐκεῖνοι δὲ ἐν τοῖς κάτω καὶ τοῖς ἀριστεροῖς· ἀνάπαλιν γὰρ τούτοις ἡ ἀρχὴ τῆς κινήσεώς ἐστι διὰ τὸ ἐναντίας εἶναι τὰς φοράς, ὥστε συμβαίνειν ἡμᾶς μὲν εἶναι πρὸς τῇ ἀρχῇ ἐκείνους δὲ πρὸς τῷ τέλει.
But of the second revolution, namely that of the planets, we are in the upper and the right parts, while they are in the lower and the left; for the principle of their motion is reversed because their movements are contrary, so that it turns out that we are near the beginning and they are near the end.
περὶ μὲν οὖν τῶν κατὰ τὰς διαστάσεις μορίων καὶ τῶν κατὰ τόπον ὡρισμένων τοσαῦτα εἰρήσθω.
So much, then, let be said concerning the parts determined by dimensions and in accordance with place.