§2.2#12 Ἐπειδὴ δέ τινές εἰσιν οἵ φασιν εἶναί τι δεξιὸν καὶ ἀριστερὸν τοῦ οὐρανοῦ, καθάπερ οἱ καλούμενοι Πυθαγόρειοι (ἐκείνων γὰρ οὗτος ὁ λόγος ἐστίν), σκεπτέον πότερον τοῦτον ἔχει τὸν τρόπον ὡς ἐκεῖνοι λέγουσιν, ἢ μᾶλλον ἑτέρως, εἴπερ δεῖ προσάπτειν τῷ τοῦ παντὸς σώματι ταύτας τὰς ἀρχάς.
2 Since, however, there are some who say that there is a right and a left of the heaven, as do the so-called Pythagoreans (for this doctrine belongs to them), we must consider whether it is in the manner they say, or rather otherwise, if indeed we must attribute these principles to the body of the universe.
εὐθὺς γὰρ πρῶτον, εἰ τὸ δεξιὸν ὑπάρχει καὶ τὸ ἀριστερόν, ἔτι πρότερον τὰς προτέρας ὑποληπτέον ὑπάρχειν ἀρχὰς ἐν αὐτῷ.
For immediately at the outset, if the right and the left exist, we must assume that the prior principles exist in it even before them.
διώρισται μὲν οὖν περὶ τούτων ἐν τοῖς περὶ τὰς τῶν ζῴων κινήσεις διὰ τὸ τῆς φύσεως οἰκεῖα τῆς ἐκείνων εἶναι· φανερῶς γὰρ ἔν γε τοῖς ζώοις ὑπάρχοντα φαίνεται τοῖς μὲν πάντα τὰ τοιαῦτα μόρια, λέγω δʼ οἷον τό τε δεξιὸν καὶ τὸ ἀριστερόν, τοῖς δʼ ἔνια, τοῖς δὲ φυτοῖς τὸ ἄνω καὶ κάτω μόνον.
Now, we have determined about these matters in our treatise on the motion of animals, because they are proper to the nature of those creatures; for it is obvious that in animals at least, in some of them all such parts appear to exist, I mean, for instance, the right and the left, in others some of them, and in plants only the upper and the lower.
εἰ δὲ δεῖ καὶ τῷ οὐρανῷ προσάπτειν τι τῶν τοιούτων, καὶ τὸ πρῶτον, καθάπερ εἴπομεν, ἐν τοῖς ζῴοις ὑπάρχον εὔλογον ὑπάρχειν ἐν αὐτῷ· τριῶν γὰν ὄντων ἕκαστον οἷον ἀρχή τις ἐστίν.
But if we must attribute any of such things to the heaven as well, it is reasonable that the primary thing, which as we said exists in animals, should also exist in it; for since there are three pairs, each of them is, as it were, a certain principle.
λέγω δὲ τὰ τρία τὸ ἄνω καὶ κάτω, καὶ τὸ πρόσθιον καὶ τὸ ἀντικείμενον, καὶ τὸ δεξιὸν καὶ τὸ ἀριστερόν· ταύτας γὰρ τὰς διαστάσεις εὔλογον ὑπάρχειν τοῖς σώμασι τοῖς τελείοις πάσας.
And by the three I mean the upper and the lower, the front and its opposite, and the right and the left; for it is reasonable that all these dimensions should belong to complete bodies.
ἔστι δὲ τὰ μὲν ἄνω τοῦ μήκους ἀρχή, τὸ δὲ δεξιὸν τοῦ πλάτους, τὸ δὲ πρόσθεν τοῦ βάθους.
And the upper is the principle of length, the right of breadth, and the front of depth.
ἔτι δʼ ἄλλως κατὰ τὰς κινήσεις· ἀρχὰς γὰρ ταύτας λέγω ὅθεν ἄρχονται πρῶτον αἱ κινήσεις τοῖς ἔχουσιν.
Moreover, in another way in accordance with motions; for I call these the principles from which motions first begin in those things that possess them.
ἔστι δὲ ἀπὸ μὲν τοῦ ἄνω ἡ αὔξησις, ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν δεξιῶν ἡ κατὰ τόπον, ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν ἔμπροσθεν ἡ κατὰ τὴν αἴσθησιν· ἔμπροσθεν γὰρ λέγω ἐφʼ ὃ αἱ αἰσθήσεις.
Now, growth is from the upper, locomotion from the right, and sensory motion from the front; for by front I mean that towards which the senses are directed.
διὸ οὐκ ἐν ἅπαντι σώματι τὸ ἄνω καὶ κάτω καὶ τὸ δεξιὸν καὶ ἀριστερὸν καὶ τὸ ἔμπροσθεν καὶ ὄπισθεν ζητητέον, ἀλλʼ ὅσα ἔχει κινήσεως ἀρχὴν ἐν αὑτοῖς ἔμψυχα ὄντα· τῶν γὰρ ἀψύχων ἐν οὐθενὶ ὁρῶμεν ὅθεν ἡ ἀρχὴ τῆς κινήσεως.
Therefore, we must not seek the upper and the lower, the right and the left, and the front and the back in every body, but only in those which, being animate, possess the principle of motion within themselves; for in none of the inanimate things do we see whence the principle of motion comes.
τὰ μὲν γὰρ ὅλως οὐ κινεῖται, τὰ δὲ κινεῖται μὲν ἀλλʼ οὐ πανταχόθεν ὁμοίως, οἷον τὸ πῦρ ἄνω μόνον καὶ ἡ γῆ ἐπὶ τὸ μέσον.
For some of them do not move at all, while others move but not similarly in all directions, as fire moves only upward and earth towards the center.
ἀλλʼ ἐν μὲν τούτοις λέγομεν τὸ 284a ἄνω καὶ κάτω καὶ τὸ δεξιὸν καὶ ἀριστερὸν πρὸς ἡμᾶς ἐπαναφέροντες· ἢ γὰρ κατὰ τὰ ἡμέτερα δεξιά, ὥσπερ οἱ μάντεις, ἢ καθʼ ὁμοιότητα τοῖς ἡμετέροις, ὥσπερ τὰ τοῦ ἀνδριάντος, ἢ τὰ ἐναντίως ἔχοντα τῇ θέσει, δεξιὸν μὲν τὸ κατὰ τὸ ἡμέτερον ἀριστερόν, ἀριστερὸν δὲ τὸ κατὰ τὸ ἡμέτερον δεξιόν, καὶ ὄπισθεν τὸ κατὰ τὸ ἡμέτερον ἔμπροσθεν, ἐν αὐτοῖς δὲ τούτοις οὐδεμίαν ὁρῶμεν διαφοράν·
But in these inanimate things we speak of the 284a upper and the lower, the right and the left, by referring them to ourselves; either in accordance with our own right, as do the augurs, or by similarity to our own parts, as with those of a statue, or in an opposite position, the right being what corresponds to our left, the left to our right, and the back to our front.
ἐὰν γὰρ ἀνάπαλιν στραφῇ, τὰ ἐναντία ἐροῦμεν δεξιὰ καὶ ἀριστερὰ καὶ ἄνω καὶ κάτω καὶ ἔμπροσθεν καὶ ὄπισθεν.
But in these things themselves we see no difference; for if they are turned the other way, we shall call the opposites right and left, upper and lower, front and back.
διὸ καὶ τῶν Πυθαγορείων ἄν τις θαυμάσειεν ὅτι δύο μόνας ταύτας ἀρχὰς ἔλεγον, τὸ δεξιὸν καὶ ἀριστερόν, τὰς δὲ τέτταρας παρέλιπον οὐθὲν ἧττον κυρίας οὔσας· οὐθὲν γὰρ ἐλάττω διαφορὰν ἔχει τὰ ἄνω πρὸς τὰ κάτω καὶ τὰ ἔμπροσθεν πρὸς τὰ ὄπισθεν ἢ τὰ δεξιὰ πρὸς τὰ ἀριστερὰ ἐν ἅπασι τοῖς ζώοις.
Hence, one might wonder at the Pythagoreans because they spoke of only these two principles, the right and the left, and omitted the other four, which are no less principal; for the difference between the upper and the lower, and between the front and the back, is in no way less than that between the right and the left in all animals.
τὰ μὲν γὰρ τῇ δυνάμει διαφέρει μόνον, τὰ δὲ καὶ τοῖς σχήμασι, καὶ τὸ μὲν ἄνω καὶ τὸ κάτω πᾶσι τοῖς ἐμψύχοις ἐστὶν ὁμοίως ζώοις καὶ φυτοῖς, τὸ δὲ δεξιὸν καὶ ἀριστερὸν οὐκ ἐνυπάρχει τοῖς φυτοῖς.
For some differ only in power, others also in their shapes; and the upper and the lower exist in all animate things, both animals and plants alike, whereas the right and the left do not exist in plants.