§2.12#2διὸ δεῖ νομίζειν καὶ τὴν τῶν ἄστρων πρᾶξιν εἶναι τοιαύτην οἵα περ ἡ τῶν ζῴων καὶ φυτῶν·
Therefore, we must think that the activity of the stars is also of such a kind as that of animals and plants.
καὶ γὰρ ἐνταῦθα αἱ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου πλεῖσται πράξεις (πολλῶν γὰρ τῶν εὖ δόναται τυχεῖν, ὥστε πολλὰ πράττειν, καὶ ἄλλων ἕνεκα· τῷ δʼ ὡς ἄριστα ἔχοντι οὐθὲν δεῖ πράξεως· ἔστι γὰρ αὐτὸ τὸ οὖ ἕνεκα, ἡ δὲ πρᾶξις ἀεί ἐστιν ἐν δυσίν, ὅταν καὶ οὖ ἕνεκα ᾖ καὶ τὸ τούτου ἕνεκα)·
For indeed here, the actions of man are most numerous (for he is able to obtain many good things, so that he performs many actions, and for the sake of other things; whereas for that which is in the best state there is no need of action; for it is itself the end [the for-the-sake-of-which], and action is always in two things, whenever there is both the end and that which is for its sake).
τῶν δʼ ἄλλων ζῴων ἐλάττους, τῶν δὲ φυτῶν μικρά τις καὶ μία ἴσως· ἢ γὰρ ἕν τί ἐστιν οὖ τύχοι ἄν, ὥσπερ καὶ ἄνθρωπος, ἢ καὶ τὰ πολλὰ πάντα πρὸ ὁδοῦ ἐστὶ πρὸς τὸ ἄριστον.
But of the other animals, the actions are fewer, and of plants, they are small and perhaps single; for either there is some single thing which they might obtain, as man also does, or else even all the many things they do are on the way towards the best.
τὸ μὲν οὖν ἔχει καὶ μετέχει τοῦ ἀρίστου, τὸ δʼ ἀφικνεῖται ἐγγὺς διʼ ὀλίγων, τὸ δὲ διὰ πολλῶν, τὸ δʼ οὐδʼ ἐγχειρεῖ, ἀλλʼ ἱκανὸν εἰς τὸ ἐγγύς τοῦ ἐσχάτου ἐλθεῖν (οἷον εἰ ὑγίεια τέλος, τὸ μὲν δὴ ἀεὶ ὑγιαίνει, τὸ δʼ ἰσχνανθέν, τὸ δὲ δραμὸν καὶ ἰσχνανθέν, τὸ δὲ καὶ ἄλλο τι πρᾶξαν τοῦ δραμεῖν ἕνεκα, ὥστε πλείους αἱ κινήσεις, ἕτερον δʼ ἀδυνατεῖ πρὸς τὸ ὑγιᾶναι ἐλθεῖν, ἀλλὰ πρὸς τὸ δραμεῖν μόνον ἢ ἰσχνανθῆναι)·
Thus, one thing possesses and participates in the best, another reaches near it through a few steps, another through many, and another does not even attempt it, but it is enough for it to come near to the extreme (just as if health were the end, one is indeed always healthy, another becomes healthy by becoming thin, another by running and becoming thin, and another by doing something else for the sake of running, so that its movements are more numerous, whereas another is unable to reach health, but only to run or to become thin).
καὶ τούτων θάτερον τέλος αὐτοῖς.
And one of these latter is the end for them.
μάλίστα μὲν γὰρ ἐκείνου τυχεῖν ἄριστον πᾶσι τοῦ τέλους· εἰ δὲ μή, ἀεὶ ἄμεινόν ἐστιν ὅσῳ ἂν ἐγγύτερον ᾖ τοῦ ἀρίστου.
For it is best for all to obtain that end; but if not, it is always better the closer they are to the best.
καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἡ μὲν γῆ ὅλως οὐ κινεῖται, τὰ δʼ ἐγγὺς ὀλίγας κινήσεις· οὐ γὰρ ἀφικνεῖται πρὸς τὸ ἔσχατον, ἀλλὰ μέχρι ὅτου δύναται τυχεῖν τῆς θειοτάτης ἀρχῆς.
And for this reason, the earth does not move at all, while those near to it perform few movements; for they do not reach the extreme, but only as far as they are able to obtain the most divine principle.
ὁ δὲ πρῶτος οὐρανὸς εὐθύς τυγχάνει διὰ μιᾶς κινήσεως.
While the first heaven obtains it immediately through a single movement.
τὰ δʼ ἐν τῷ μέσῳ τοῦ πρώτου καὶ τῶν ἐσχάτων ἀφικινεῖται μέν, διὰ πλειόνων δʼ ἀφικνεῖται κινήσεων.
But those in the middle of the first and the lowest reach indeed, but they reach through more movements.
περὶ δὲ τῆς ἀπορίας ὅτι κατὰ μὲν τὴν πρώτην μίαν οὖσαν φορὰν πολὺ πλῆθος συνέστηκεν ἄστρων, τῶν δʼ ἄλλων χωρὶς ἕκαστον εἴληφεν ἰδίας κινήσεις, διʼ ἓν μὲν ἄν τις πρῶτον εὐλόγως οἰηθείη τοῦθʼ ὑπάρχειν·
Concerning the difficulty that, whereas in the first revolution, which is single, a great multitude of stars is constituted, while each of the others has received its own movements separately, one might first reasonably think that this holds for one reason.
νοῆσαι γὰρ δεῖ τῆς ζωῆς καὶ τῆς ἀρχῆς ἑκάστης πολλὴν ὑπεροχὴν εἶναι τῆς πρώτης πρὸς τὰς ἄλλας, εἴη δʼ ἂν ἥδε συμβαίνουσα κατὰ λόγον·
For we must conceive that the life and principle of the first has a great superiority over the others, and this would happen in accordance with reason.
ἡ μὲν γὰρ πρώτη μία οὖσα πολλὰ κινεῖ τῶν σωμάτων τῶν θείων, αἱ δὲ πολλαὶ οὖσαι ἓν μόνον ἑκάστη· τῶν γὰρ πλανωμένων ἓν ὁτιοῦν πλείους φέρεται φοράς.
For the first, being single, moves many divine bodies, while the many, each being single, moves only one; for any one of the wandering stars is carried by more revolutions.
ταύτῃ τε οὖν ἀνισάζει ἡ φύσις καὶ ποιεῖ τινὰ τάξιν, τῇ μὲν μιᾷ φορῷ πολλὰ ἀποδοῦσα σώματα, τῷ δʼ ἑνὶ σώματι πολλὰς φοράς·
In this way, then, nature restores balance and produces a certain order, by assigning many bodies to the single revolution, and many revolutions to the single body.
καὶ ἔτι διὰ τόδε ἓν ἔχουσι σῶμα αἱ ἄλλαι φοραί, ὅτι πολλὰ σώματα κινοῦσιν αἱ πρὸ τῆς τελευταίας καὶ τῆς ἓν ἄστρον ἐχούσης·
And further, the other revolutions have a single body for this reason: because those before the last and before the one having a single star move many bodies.
ἐν πολλαῖς γὰρ σφαίραις ἡ τελευταία σφαῖρα ἐνδεδεμένη φέρεται, ἑκάστη δὲ σφαῖρα σῶμά τι τυγχάνει ὄν.
For the last sphere is carried bound in many spheres, and each sphere happens to be a certain body.
ἐκείνης ἄν οὖν κοινὸν εἴη τὸ ἔργον· αὐτῇ μὲν γὰρ ἑκάστῃ ἡ ἴδιος φύσει φορά, αὕτη δὲ οἷον πρόσκειται, παντὸς δὲ πεπερασμένου σώματος πρὸς πεπερασμένον ἡ δύναμίς ἐστιν.
Therefore, the work of that prior sphere would be common to it; for to each sphere itself belongs its own naturally proper revolution, but this last sphere is, as it were, added on, and the power of every finite body is directed towards a finite body.
ἀλλὰ περὶ μὲν τῶν τὴν ἐγκύκλιον φερομένων κίνησιν ἄστρων εἴρηται ποῖʼ ἄττα κατά τε τὴν οὐσίαν ἐστὶ καὶ κατὰ τὸ σχῆμα, παὶ περὶ τῆς φορᾶς καὶ τῆς τάξεως αὐτῶν.
But concerning the stars that are carried in a circular movement, it has been stated what sort they are both in respect of their substance and their shape, and concerning their revolution and their order.