§2.12#112 Δυοῖν δʼ ἀπορίαιν οὔσαιν, περὶ ὧν εἰκότως ἂν ὁστισοῦν ἀπορήσειε, πειρατέον λέγειν τὸ φαινόμενον, αἰδοῦς ἀξίαν εἶναι νομίζοντας τὴν προθυμίαν μᾶλλον ἢ θράσους, εἴ τις διὰ τὸ φιλοσοφίας διψῆν καὶ μικρὰς εὐπορίας ἀγαπᾷ περὶ ὧν τὰς μεγίστας ἔχομεν ἀπορίας.
12 Since there are two difficulties about which anyone might reasonably be puzzled, we must try to state what appears to be the case, considering that such readiness deserves to be regarded as a sign of respect rather than of audacity, if someone, through thirst for philosophy, welcomes even small successes concerning things about which we have the greatest difficulties.
ἔστι δὲ πολλῶν ὄντων τοιούτων οὐχ ἥκιστα θαυμαστόν, διὰ τίνα ποτʼ αἰτίαν οὐκ ἀεὶ τὰ πλεῖον ἀπέχοντα τῆς πρώτης φορὰς κινεῖται πλείους κινήσεις, ἀλλά τὰ μεταξύ πλείστας.
Among many such wonders, it is not least surprising for what cause it is that those which are further removed from the first revolution do not always perform more movements, but those in between perform the most.
εὔλογον γὰρ ἂν δόξειεν εἶναι τοῦ πρώτου σώματος μίαν κινουμένου φορὰν τὸ πλησιαίτατον ἐλαχίστας κινεῖσθαι κινήσεις, οἷον δύο, τὸ δʼ ἐχόμενον τρεῖς ἤ τινα ἄλλην τοιαύτην τάξιν.
For it would seem reasonable that, when the first body performs a single movement, the one nearest to it should perform the fewest movements, say two, and the next one three, or some other such order.
νῦν δὲ συμβαίνει τοὐναντίον· ἐλάττους γὰρ ἥλιος καὶ σελήνη κινοῦνται κινήσεις ἢ τῶν πλανωμένων ἄστρων ἔνια· καίτοι πορρώτερον τοῦ μέσου καὶ πλησιαίτερον τοῦ πρώτου σώματός εἰσιν οὐτῶν.
But now the opposite happens; for the sun and moon perform fewer movements than some of the wandering stars, although they are further from the center and closer to the first body than they are.
δῆλον δὲ τοῦτο περὶ ἐνίων καὶ τῇ ὄψει γέγονεν· τὴν γὰρ σελήνην ἑωράκαμεν διχότομον μὲν οὖσαν, ὑπελθοῦσαν δὲ τὸν ἀστέρα τὸν Ἄρεος, καὶ ἀποκρυφθέντα μὲν κατὰ τὸ μέλαν αὐτῆς, ἐξελθόντα δὲ κατὰ τὸ φανὸν καὶ λαμπρόν.
And this has become clear to the sight as well in the case of some; for we have seen the moon when it was dichotomous passing under the star of Mars, which was hidden by its dark side and emerged on its bright and shining side.
ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ περὶ τοὺς ἄλλους ἀστέρας λέγουσιν οἱ πάλαι τετηρηκότες ἐκ πλείστων ἐτῶν Αἰγύπτιοι καὶ Βαβυλώνιοι, παρʼ ὧν πολλὰς πίστεις ἔχομεν περὶ ἑκάστου τῶν ἄστρων, τοῦτό τε δὴ δικαίως ἀπορήσειεν ἄν τις, καὶ διὰ τίνα ποτʼ αἰτίαν ἐν μέν τῇ πρώτῃ φορᾷ τοσοῦτόν ἐστιν ἄστρων πλῆθος ὥστε τῶν ἀναριθμήτων εἶναι δοκεῖν τὴν πᾶσαν τάξιν, τῶν δʼ ἄλλων ἓν χωρὶς ἕκαστον, δύο δʼ ἢ πλείω οὐ φαίνεται ἐν τῇ αὐτῇ ἐνδεδεμένα φορῷ.
Similarly, those of the Egyptians and Babylonians who have observed for many years from of old also speak about the other stars, from whom we have many proofs concerning each of the stars. This, indeed, one might reasonably puzzle over, and also for what cause it is that in the first revolution there is so great a multitude of stars that the whole order seems to be innumerable, whereas of the others, each is separately one, and two or more are not seen bound in the same revolution.
περὶ δὴ τούτων ζητεῖν μὲν καλῶς ἔχει καὶ τὴν ἐπὶ πλεῖον σύνεσιν, καίπερ μικρὰς ἔχοντας ἀφορμὰς καὶ τοσαύτην ἀπόστασιν ἀπέχοντας τῶν περὶ αὐτὰ συμβαινόντων·
Concerning these things, indeed, it is well to search for further understanding, even though we have only small resources and are at so great a distance from the things happening around them.
ὅμως δʼ ἐκ τῶν τοιούτων θεωροῦσιν οὐδὲν ἄλογον ἄν δόξειεν εἶναι τὸ νῦν ἀπορούμενον.
Yet to those who contemplate from such starting points, the present difficulty would not seem to be at all unreasonable.
ἀλλʼ ἡμεῖς ὡς περὶ σωμάτων αὐτῶν μόνον, καὶ μονάδων τάξιν μὲν ἐχόντων, ἀψύχων δὲ πάμπαν, διανοούμεθα· δεῖ δʼ ὡς μετεχόντων ὑπολαμβάνειν πράξεως καὶ ζωῆς·
But we think of them as though they were only bodies, and units having a certain order, but completely inanimate; we ought, however, to conceive of them as participating in action and life.
οὕτω γὰρ οὐθὲν δόξει παράλογον εἶναι τὸ συμβαῖνον.
For in this way, what happens will not seem at all contrary to reason.
ἔοικε γὰρ τῷ μὲν ἄριστα ἔχοντι ὑπάρχειν τὸ εὖ ἄνευ πράξεως, τῷ δʼ ἐγγύτατα διὰ ὀλίγης καὶ μιᾶς, τοῖς δὲ πορρωτέρω διὰ πλειόνων, ὥσπερ ἐπὶ σώματος τὸ μὲν οὐδὲ γυμναζόμενον εὖ ἔχει, τὸ δὲ μικρὰ περιπατῆσαν, τῷ δὲ καὶ δρόμου δεῖ καὶ πάλης καὶ κονίσεως, πάλιν δʼ ἑτέρῳ οὐδʼ ὁποσαοῦν πονοῦντιτοῦτό γʼ ἂν ἔτι ὑπάρξαι τἀγαθόν, ἀλλʼ ἕτερόν τι.
For it seems that for that which is in the best state, the good belongs to it without action, while for that which is nearest, through a few and a single [action], and for those further away, through more [actions]; just as in the case of a body, one is well without even exercising, another after walking a little, while another needs both running, wrestling, and dusting, and again for another, no matter how much it labors, this good would no longer belong to it, but something else.
ἔστι δὲ τὸ κατορθοῦν χαλεπὸν ἢ τὸ πολλὰ ἢ τὸ πολλάκις, οἷον μυρίους ἀστραγάλους Κῴους βαλεῖν ἀμήχανον, ἀλλʼ ἕνα ἢ δύο ῥᾷον.
And to succeed is difficult when many things or many times are required; for example, to throw ten thousand Coan astragali is impossible, but one or two is easier.
καὶ πάλιν ὅταν τοδὶ μὲν δέῃ τοῦδʼ ἕνεκα ποιῆσαι, τοῦτο δʼ ἄλλου καὶ τοῦτο ἑτέρου, ἐν μὲν ἑνὶ ἢ δυσὶ ῥᾴδιον ἐπιτυχεῖν, ὅσῳ δʼ ἂν διὰ πλειόνων, χαλεπώτερον.
And again, when this must be done for the sake of that, and that for another, and this for yet another, in one or two steps it is easy to succeed, but the more steps it is through, the more difficult it is.