§1.2.2#3Β τινὶ τῷ Γ ὑπάρχειν, οἷον τὸ ζῷον ἀνθρώπῳ μὲν παντὶ ὑπάρχει, λευκῷ δὲ τινὶ οὐχ ἕπεται, ὁ δʼ ἄνθρωπος τινὶ λευκῷ ὑπάρχει, ὥστʼ εἰ μέσου τεθέντος τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ληφθείη τὸ Α μηδενὶ τῷ Β ὑπάρχειν, τὸ δὲ Β τινὶ τῷ Γ ὑπάρχειν, ἀληθὲς ἔσται τὸ συμπέρασμα ψευδοῦς οὔσης ὅλης τῆς Α Β προτάσεως.
while B belongs to some C. For instance, animal belongs to every man, but does not follow some white thing, while man belongs to some white thing. So that if, man being placed as the middle, it should be assumed that A belongs to no B, and B to some C, the conclusion will be true, although the premise AB is wholly false.
καὶ εἰ ἐπί τι ψευδὴς ἡ Β πρότασις, ἔσται τὸ συμπέρασμα ἀληθές.
And even if the premise [AB] is false in part, the conclusion will be true.
οὐδὲν γὰρ κωλύει τὸ Α καὶ τῷ Β καὶ τῷ Γ τινὶ ὑπάρχειν, καὶ τὸ Β τῷ Γ τινὶ ὑπάρχειν, οἷον τὸ ζῷον τινὶ καλῷ καὶ τινὶ μεγάλῳ, καὶ τὸ καλὸν τινὶ μεγάλῳ ὑπάρχειν.
For nothing prevents A from belonging both to some B and to some C, and B from belonging to some C, for instance, animal belongs to some beautiful thing and to some large thing, and beautiful belongs to some large thing.
ἐὰν οὖν ληφθῇ τὸ Α παντὶ τῷ Β καὶ τὸ Β τινὶ τῷ Γ, ἡ μὲν Α Β πρότασις ἐπί τι ψευδὴς ἔσται, ἡ δὲ Β Γ ἀληθής, καὶ τὸ συμπέρασμα ἀληθές.
If, therefore, it should be assumed that A belongs to all B and B to some C, the premise AB indeed will be false in part, and BC true, and the conclusion true.
ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ στερητικῆς οὔσης τῆς Β προτάσεως· οἱ γὰρ αὐτοὶ ὅροι ἔσονται καὶ ὡσαύτως κείμενοι πρὸς τὴν ἀπόδειξιν.
And similarly also when the premise [AB] is negative; for the same terms will be used and placed in the same way for the proof.
Πάλιν εἰ ἡ μὲν Α Β ἀληθὴς ἡ δὲ Β Γ ψευδής, ἀληθὲς ἔσται τὸ συμπέρασμαοὐδὲν γὰρ κωλύει τὸ Α τῷ μὲν Β ὅλῳ ὑπάρχειν τῷ δὲ Γ τινί, καὶ τὸ Β τῷ Γ μηδενὶ ὑπάρχειν, οἷον ζῷον κύκνῳ μὲν παντὶ μέλανι δὲ τινί, κύκνος δὲ οὐδενὶ μέλανι.
Again, if the premise AB is true and BC false, the conclusion will be true. For nothing prevents A from belonging to the whole of B and to some C, while B belongs to no C, for instance, animal belongs to every swan and to some black thing, but swan belongs to no black thing.
ὥστʼ εἰ ληφθείη παντὶ τῷ Β τὸ καὶ τὸ Β τινὶ τῷ Γ, ἀληθὲς ἔσται τὸ συμπέρασμα ψευδοῦς ὄντος τοῦ Β Γ. ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ στερητικῆς λαμβανομένης τῆς Β προτάσεως.
So that if it should be assumed that A belongs to all B and B to some C, the conclusion will be true although BC is false. And similarly also when the negative premise [AB] is assumed.
ἐγχωρεῖ γὰρ τὸ Α τῷ μὲν Β μηδενὶ τῷ δὲ Γ τινὶ μὴ ὑπάρχειν, τὸ μέντοι Β μηδενὶ τῷ Γ, οἷον τὸ γένος τῷ ἐξ ἄλλου γένους εἴδει καὶ τῷ συμβεβηκότι τοῖς αὑτοῦ εἴδεσι· τὸ γὰρ ζῷον ἀριθμῷ μὲν οὐδενὶ ὑπάρχει λευκῷ δὲ τινί, ὁ δʼ ἀριθμὸς οὐδενὶ λευκῷ ἐὰν οὖν μέσον τεθῇ ὁ ἀριθμός, καὶ ληφθῇ τὸ μὲν Α μηδενὶ τῷ Β, τὸ δὲ Β τινὶ τῷ Γ, τὸ τινὶ τῷ Γ οὐχ ὑπάρξει, ὅπερ ἦν ἀληθές· καὶ ἡ μὲν Α Β πρότασις ἀληθής, ἡ δὲ Β Γ ψευδής.
For it is possible for A to belong to no B and not to belong to some C, while B belongs to no C, for instance, a genus in relation to a species of another genus and to an accident of its own species; for animal belongs to no number and does not belong to some white thing, while number belongs to no white thing. If, therefore, number should be placed as the middle, and it should be assumed that A belongs to no B, and B to some C, A will not belong to some C, which was true; and the premise AB indeed is true, and BC false.
καὶ εἰ ἐπί τι ψευδὴς ἡ Α Β, ψευδὴς δὲ καὶ ἡ Β Γ, ἔσται τὸ συμπέρασμα ἀληθές.
And even if AB is false in part, and BC is also false, the conclusion will be true.
οὐδὲν γὰρ κωλύει τὸ Α τῷ Β τινὶ καὶ τῷ Γ τινὶ ὑπάρχειν ἐκατέρῳ, τὸ δὲ Β μηδενὶ τῷ Γ, οἷον εἰ ἐναντίον τὸ β τῷ Γ, ἄμφω δὲ συμβεβηκότα τῷ αὐτῷ γένει· τὸ γὰρ ζῷον τινὶ. λευκῷ καὶ τινὶ μέλανι ὑπάρχει, λευκὸν δʼ οὐδενὶ μέλανι.
For nothing prevents A from belonging to some B and to some C, to each of them, while B belongs to no C, for instance, if B is the contrary of C, and both are accidents of the same genus; for animal belongs to some white thing and to some black thing, but white belongs to no black thing.
ἐὰν οὖν ληφθῇ τὸ Α παντὶ τῷ Β καὶ τὸ Β τινὶ τῷ Γ, ἀληθές ἔσται τὸ συμπέρασμα.
If, therefore, it should be assumed that A belongs to all B and B to some C, the conclusion will be true.
καὶ στερητικῆς δὲ λαμβανομένης τῆς Β ὡσαύτως· οἱ γὰρ αὐτοὶ ὅροι καὶ ὡσαύτως τεθήσονται πρὸς τὴν ἀπόδειξιν.
And similarly also when the negative premise [AB] is assumed; for the same terms will be used and placed in the same way for the proof.
καὶ ἀμφοτέρων δὲ ψευδῶν οὐσῶν ἔσται τὸ συμπέρασμα ἀληθές·
And even when both premises are false, the conclusion will be true.
ἐγχωρεῖ γὰρ τὸ Α τῷ μὲν Β μηδενὶ τῷ δὲ Γ τινὶ ὑπάρχειν, τὸ μέντοι Β μηδενὶ τῷ Γ, οἷον τὸ γένος τῷ ἐξ ἄλλου γένους εἴδει καὶ τῷ συμβεβηκότι τοῖς εἴδεσι τοῖς αὑτοῦ· ζῷον γὰρ ἀριθμῷ μὲν οὐδενὶ λευκῷ δὲ τινὶ ὑπάρχει, καὶ ὁ ἀριθμὸς οὐδενὶ λευκῷ.
For it is possible for A to belong to no B but to some C, while B belongs to no C, for instance, a genus in relation to a species of another genus and to an accident of its own species; for animal belongs to no number but to some white thing, and number belongs to no white thing.
ἐὰν οὖν ληφθῇ τὸ Α παντὶ τῷ Β καὶ τὸ Β τινὶ τῷ Γ, τὸ μὲν συμπέρασμα ἀληθές, αἱ δὲ προτάσεις ἄμφω ψευδεῖς.
If, therefore, it should be assumed that A belongs to all B and B to some C, the conclusion indeed will be true, but both premises false.
ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ στερητικῆς οὔσης τῆς Β. οὐδὲν γὰρ κωλύει.
And similarly also when the premise [AB] is negative.
τὸ α τῷ μὲν Β ὅλῳ ὑπάρχειν τῷ δὲ Γ τινὶ μὴ ὑπάρχειν, μηδὲ τὸ Β μηδενὶ τῷ Γ. οἷον ζῶον κύκνῳ μὲν παντὶ μέλανι δὲ τινὶ οὐχ ὑπάρχει, κύκνος δʼ οὐδενὶ μέλανι.
For nothing prevents A from belonging to the whole of B and not belonging to some C, nor B from belonging to no C, for instance, animal belongs to every swan but does not belong to some black thing, and swan belongs to no black thing.
ὥστʼ εἰ ληφθείη τὸ Α μηδενὶ τῷ Β, τὸ δὲ Β τινὶ τῷ Γ. τὸ Α τινὶ τῷ Γ οὐχ ὑπάρξει.
So that if it should be assumed that A belongs to no B, and B to some C, A will not belong to some C.
τὸ μὲν οὖν συμπέρασμα ἀληθὲς, αἰ δὲ προτάσεις ψευδεῖς.
The conclusion indeed is true, but the premises are false.