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Dionysius of Halicarnassus · Roman Antiquities §9.6.1-9.6.7

Lightning on the Roman Camp and Etruscan Attack Plans

Passage 675 of 962 · Greek

Summary

The Etruscans become arrogant, viewing a lightning strike on the Roman camp as a favorable sign; their seers interpret the Roman retreat as extending divine wrath to both camps and urge an attack.

§9.6.1οἱ δὲ Τυρρηνοὶ ἀχθόμενοι τῇ τριβῇ τοῦ πολέμου δειλίαν τʼ ὠνείδιζον τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις, ἐπειδὴ οὐκ ἐξῄεσαν εἰς μάχην, καὶ ὡς παρακεχωρηκότων αὐτῶν σφίσι τῆς ὑπαίθρου μέγα ἐφρόνουν.
The Etruscans, vexed by the delay of the war, reproached the Romans with cowardice, since they did not come out to battle, and were highly elated, as if the Romans had conceded the open country to them.
καὶ ἔτι μᾶλλον ἐπήρθησαν εἰς ὑπεροψίαν τοῦ ἀντιπάλου στρατοῦ καὶ καταφρόνησιν τῶν ὑπάτων δόξαντες καὶ τὸ θεῖον αὑτοῖς συμμαχεῖν.
And they were raised still more to insolence against the opposing army and contempt for the consuls, thinking that the divine power also was allied with them.
§9.6.2τοῦ γὰρ ἑτέρου τῶν ὑπάτων Γναΐου Μαλλίου κεραυνὸς εἰς τὸ στρατήγιον ἐμπεσὼν τήν τε σκηνὴν διέσπασε καὶ τὴν ἑστίαν ἀνέτρεψε καὶ τῶν πολεμιστηρίων ὅπλων τὰ μὲν ἐσπίλωσε, τὰ δὲ περιέκαυσε, τὰ δʼ εἰς τέλος ἠφάνισεν· ἀπέκτεινε δὲ καὶ τὸν λαμπρότατον αὐτοῦ τῶν ἵππων, ᾧ παρὰ τοὺς ἀγῶνας ἐχρῆτο, καὶ τῶν θεραπόντων τινάς.
For a thunderbolt, falling upon the headquarters of one of the consuls, Gnaeus Manlius, tore apart his tent, overturned the altar, and of his weapons of war, stained some, scorched others, and utterly destroyed the rest; it also killed the most splendid of his horses, which he used in battle, and some of his servants.
§9.6.3λεγόντων δὲ τῶν μάντεων τοῦ τε χάρακος ἅλωσιν προσημαίνειν τοὺς θεοὺς καὶ τῶν ἐπιφανεστάτων ἀνδρῶν ἀπώλειαν, ἀναστήσας τὴν δύναμιν ὁ Μάλλιος ἀπῆγε περὶ μέσας νύκτας ἐπὶ τὸν ἕτερον χάρακα καὶ μετὰ τοῦ συνάρχοντος κατεστρατοπέδευσε.
And when the seers declared that the gods were portending the capture of the camp and the destruction of the most illustrious men, Manlius, having moved his force, led them away about midnight to the other camp and encamped with his colleague.
§9.6.4μαθόντες οὖν οἱ Τυρρηνοὶ τὴν ἀπανάστασιν τοῦ στρατηγοῦ καί, διʼ ἃς αἰτίας ἐγένετο, παρά τινων αἰχμαλώτων ἀκούσαντες ἐπήρθησάν τε ταῖς γνώμαις ἔτι μᾶλλον, ὡς πολεμοῦντος τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις τοῦ δαιμονίου, καὶ πολλὴν εἶχον ἐλπίδα κρατήσειν αὐτῶν· οἵ τε μάντεις ἀκριβέστερον τῶν ἄλλοθί που δοκοῦντες ἐξητακέναι τὰ μετάρσια, πόθεν τε αἱ τῶν κεραυνῶν γίνονται βολαὶ καὶ τίνες αὐτοὺς ὑποδέχονται μετὰ τὰς πληγὰς ἀπιόντας τόποι, θεῶν τε οἷς ἕκαστοι ἀποδίδονται καὶ τίνων ἀγαθῶν ἢ κακῶν μηνυταί, χωρεῖν ὁμόσε τοῖς πολεμίοις παρῄνουν διαιρούμενοι τὸ γενόμενον τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις σημεῖον κατὰ τάδε.
Therefore, the Etruscans, having learned of the departure of the general and having heard from some prisoners the reasons for which it had occurred, were still more elated in their minds, believing that the deity was warring against the Romans, and they had great hope of conquering them; and the seers, who were thought to have investigated the celestial phenomena more accurately than any elsewhere—namely, whence the throws of thunderbolts come and what places receive them when they depart after the blows, to which of the gods each is attributed, and of what good or evil they are revealers—advised them to advance to close quarters with the enemy, interpreting the sign that had occurred to the Romans as follows.
§9.6.5ἐπειδὴ τὸ βέλος εἰς ὑπάτου σκηνὴν κατέσκηψεν, ἐν ᾗ τὸ στρατήγιον ἐνῆν, καὶ πᾶσαν αὐτὴν ἄχρι τῆς ἑστίας ἠφάνισεν, ὅλῃ προσημαίνειν τὸ δαιμόνιον τῇ στρατιᾷ τοῦ χάρακος ἔκλειψιν βίᾳ κρατηθέντος καὶ τῶν ἐπιφανεστάτων ὄλεθρον.
"Since the missile descended upon the tent of the consul, in which the headquarters were, and destroyed all of it down to the altar, the deity is portending to the whole army the loss of the camp by its being taken by force, and the destruction of the most illustrious men.
§9.6.6εἰ μὲν οὖν, ἔφασαν, ἔμειναν ἐν ᾧ κατέσκηψε χωρίῳ τὸ βέλος οἱ κατέχοντες αὐτό, καὶ μὴ μετηνέγκαντο τὰ σημεῖα ὡς τοὺς ἑτέρους, μιᾶς τε παρεμβολῆς ἁλώσει καὶ ἑνὸς ὀλέθρῳ στρατοῦ τὸ νεμεσῶν αὐτοῖς δαιμόνιον ἀπεπλήρωσεν ἂν τὸν χόλον· ἐπειδὴ δὲ σοφώτεροι τῶν θεῶν εἶναι ζητοῦντες εἰς τὸν ἕτερον χάρακα μετεστρατοπεδεύσαντο, καταλιπόντες ἔρημον τὸν τόπον, ὡς οὐ τοῖς ἀνθρώποις τοῦ θεοῦ προδηλοῦντος τὰς συμφοράς, ἀλλὰ τοῖς τόποις, κοινὸς ἅπασιν αὐτοῖς ὁ παρὰ τοῦ δαίμονος ἥξει χόλος, τοῖς τʼ ἀπαναστᾶσι καὶ τοῖς ὑποδεξαμένοις.
If, therefore," they said, "those who held the place where the missile descended had remained there, and had not transferred their standards to the others, the deity, who was angry with them, would have satisfied its wrath with the capture of one camp and the destruction of one army; but since, seeking to be wiser than the gods, they moved their camp to the other, leaving the place deserted—as if the god were foretelling disasters not to men, but to places—the wrath from the deity will come upon them all in common, both upon those who departed and upon those who received them.
§9.6.7καὶ ἐπειδὴ ἁλῶναι σφῶν τὸν ἕτερον χάρακα βίᾳ θείας ἐπιθεσπιζούσης ἀνάγκης οὐ περιέμειναν τὸ χρεών, ἀλλʼ αὐτοὶ παρέδοσαν τοῖς ἐχθροῖς, ἐκεῖνος ὁ χάραξ ὁ τὸν ἐκλειφθέντα ὑποδεξάμενος ἀντὶ τοῦ καταλειφθέντος ἁλώσεται βίᾳ κρατηθείς.
And since they did not await their destiny when a divine necessity prophesied that one of their camps would be taken by force, but themselves delivered it over to their enemies, that camp which received the one who departed will be taken, being conquered by force, instead of the one that was abandoned."

Notes

  1. §9.6.1ὡς παρακεχωρηκότων αὐτῶν — The particle `ὡς` prefixed to the genitive absolute `παρακεχωρηκότων αὐτῶν` (referring to the Romans) expresses the subjective belief or assumption of the subject of the main clause (the Etruscans).
  2. §9.6.6εἰ μὲν οὖν ... ἀπεπλήρωσεν ἂν — A conditional sentence expressing a past contrary-to-fact situation (past unfulfilled condition), structured with the protasis in `εἰ` + past indicative (`ἔμειναν`) and the apodosis with `ἄν` + past indicative (`ἀπεπλήρωσεν`).
  3. §9.6.7ὁ τὸν ἐκλειφθέντα ὑποδεξάμενος — The term `τὸν ἐκλειφθέντα` is a masculine singular aorist passive participle, contextually referring to 'the abandoned [camp, `χάραξ`]'. The participle `ὑποδεξάμενος` with the article `ὁ` functions attributively to modify the subject `ἐκεῖνος ὁ χάραξ` (the other camp).

Cite this passage

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities §9.6.1-9.6.7. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0081.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:9.6.1-9.6.7

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