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Dionysius of Halicarnassus · Roman Antiquities §9.34.1-9.34.4

Valerius's Night Attack on the Sabine Camp

Passage 703 of 962 · Greek

Summary

The Roman consul Valerius launches a secret night attack against the combined forces of the Veientes and Sabines, successfully surprising and destroying the Sabine camp.

§9.34.1οὐ πολλῷ δʼ ὕστερον χρόνῳ στρατιὰ Ῥωμαίων ἐξῆλθεν ἐπὶ Τυρρηνοὺς ἄγοντος θατέρου τῶν ὑπάτων Ποπλίου Οὐαλερίου.
Not long afterwards, a Roman army marched out against the Etruscans under the command of one of the consuls, Publius Valerius.
συνέστη γὰρ αὖθις ἡ Οὐιεντανῶν δύναμις προσθεμένων αὐτοῖς Σαβίνων, οἳ τέως ὀκνοῦντες αὐτοῖς συνάρασθαι τοῦ πολέμου ὡς ἀδυνάτων ἐφιεμένοις, τότʼ, ἐπειδὴ τήν τε Μενηνίου φυγὴν ἔγνωσαν καὶ τὸν ἐπιτειχισμὸν τοῦ πλησίον τῆς Ῥώμης ὄρους, τεταπεινῶσθαι νομίσαντες τάς τε δυνάμεις τὰς Ῥωμαίων καὶ τὸ φρόνημα τῆς πόλεως ἡττῆσθαι, συνελάμβανον τοῖς Τυρρηνοῖς πολλὴν ἀποστείλαντες δύναμιν.
For the power of the Veientes had assembled once more because the Sabines had joined them—who previously had hesitated to take part in the war with them on the ground that they were aiming at impossible things, but then, when they learned of both Menenius' flight and the fortification of the hill near Rome, thinking that the forces of the Romans had been humbled and that the spirit of the city had been defeated, they helped the Etruscans by sending a large force.
§9.34.2οἱ δὲ Οὐιεντανοὶ τῇ τε σφετέρᾳ δυνάμει πεποιθότες καὶ τῇ Σαβίνων νεωστὶ ἡκούσῃ καὶ τὰς παρὰ τῶν ἄλλων Τυρρηνῶν ἐπικουρίας περιμένοντες προθυμίαν μὲν εἶχον ἐπὶ τὴν Ῥώμην ἐλαύνειν τῇ πλείονι τῆς σφετέρας στρατιᾶς, ὡς οὐδενὸς αὐτοῖς ὁμόσε χωρήσοντος, ἀλλὰ δυεῖν θάτερον, ἢ ἐκ τειχομαχίας αἱρήσοντες τὴν πόλιν ἢ λιμῷ κατεργασόμενοι.
And the Veientes, trusting both in their own power and in that of the Sabines which had recently arrived, and expecting the reinforcements from the other Etruscans, were eager to march against Rome with the greater part of their army, thinking that no one would come to close quarters with them, but [expecting] one of two things: either that they would capture the city by assault or reduce it by famine.
§9.34.3ἔφθασε δὲ τὴν ἐπιχείρησιν αὐτῶν ὁ Οὐαλέριος, ἐν ᾧ ἔτι ἔμελλον ἐκεῖνοι καὶ τοὺς ὑστερίζοντας συμμάχους ἀνέμενον, αὐτὸς ἀγαγὼν Ῥωμαίων τὴν κρατίστην ἀκμὴν καὶ τὸ παρὰ τῶν συμμάχων ἐπικουρικόν, οὐκ ἐκ τοῦ φανεροῦ ποιησάμενος τὴν ἔξοδον, ἀλλʼ ὡς μάλιστα λήσεσθαι αὐτοὺς ἔμελλε.
But Valerius anticipated their enterprise while they were still delaying and waiting for the allies who were lagging behind; he himself, leading the strongest flower of the Romans and the auxiliary force from the allies, made his departure not openly, but in such a way that he was most likely to escape their notice.
προελθὼν γὰρ ἐκ τῆς Ῥώμης περὶ δείλην ὀψίαν καὶ διαβὰς τὸν Τέβεριν οὐ μακρὰν ἀποσχὼν τῆς πόλεως κατεστρατοπέδευσεν· ἔπειτʼ ἀναστήσας τὴν στρατιὰν περὶ μέσας νύκτας ἦγεν ἐν τάχει, καὶ πρὶν ἡμέραν γενέσθαι θατέρῳ χάρακι τῶν πολεμίων ἐπέβαλε.
For having advanced from Rome in the late afternoon and crossed the Tiber, he encamped not far from the city; then, having aroused the army about midnight, he led them in haste, and before daybreak fell upon one of the two camps of the enemy.
§9.34.4δύο γὰρ ἦν στρατόπεδα χωρὶς μὲν τὸ Τυρρηνῶν, ἑτέρωθι δὲ τὸ Σαβίνων, οὐ διὰ μακροῦ ἀλλήλων ἀπέχοντα.
For there were two camps: that of the Etruscans separately, and in another place that of the Sabines, not far distant from each other.
πρώτῃ δὲ προσαγαγὼν τὴν δύναμιν τῇ Σαβίνων στρατοπεδείᾳ, καθυπνωμένων ἔτι τῶν πλείστων καὶ οὐδεμιᾶς οὔσης ἀξιολόγου φυλακῆς, οἷα ἐν φιλίᾳ τε γῇ καὶ κατὰ πολλὴν ὑπεροψίαν τῶν πολεμίων οὐδαμῇ ἀγγελλομένων, ἐξ ἐφόδου γίνεται ταύτης ἐγκρατής.
Having first led his force against the Sabine camp, while most of them were still asleep and there was no guard of any consequence, since they were in a friendly land and in great contempt of the enemy who were nowhere reported, he became master of this at the first onset.
τῶν δʼ ἀνθρώπων οἱ μὲν ἐν ταῖς κοίταις ἔτι ὄντες κατεσφάγησαν, οἱ δʼ ἀνιστάμενοι ἀρτίως καὶ τὰ ὅπλα ἐνδυόμενοι, οἱ δʼ ὡπλισμένοι μέν, σποράδες δὲ καὶ οὐκ ἐν τάξει ἀμυνόμενοι, οἱ δὲ πλεῖστοι φεύγοντες ἐπὶ τὸν ἕτερον χάρακα ὑπὸ τῶν ἱππέων καταλαμβανόμενοι διεφθάρησαν.
And of the men, some, still being in their beds, were slaughtered; others, just rising and putting on their armor; others, though armed, fighting scattered and not in order; and the majority, fleeing toward the other camp, were overtaken by the horsemen and destroyed.

Notes

  1. 9.34.1ὡς ἀδυνάτων ἐφιεμένοις — ἐφιεμένοις is a present middle participle (dative plural masculine) agreeing with the preceding αὐτοῖς (the Veientes). ἀδυνάτων is the genitive (neuter plural) governed by ἐφίεμαι (to aim at, desire). The conjunction ὡς expresses a subjective reason ('on the ground that...').
  2. 9.34.2δυεῖν θάτερον, ἢ ἐκ τειχομαχίας αἱρήσοντες τὴν πόλιν ἢ λιμῷ κατεργασόμενοι — δυεῖν θάτερον ('one of two things') is an accusative expressing expectation or apposition. The subsequent future participles αἱρήσοντες and κατεργασόμενοι are nominative plural masculine, agreeing with the main subject οἱ δὲ Οὐιεντανοὶ, and express intention or expected outcome ('intending to...').
  3. 9.34.3ἔφθασε δὲ τὴν ἐπιχείρησιν αὐτῶν ὁ Οὐαλέριος — The verb φθάνω (to anticipate, forestall) usually takes an accusative of person and a participle (e.g., 'forestalled them in doing...'), but here it takes the action noun τὴν ἐπιχείρησιν (the enterprise) directly as its accusative object, meaning 'anticipated/forestalled their enterprise.'
  4. 9.34.4τῶν πολεμίων οὐδαμῇ ἀγγελλομένων — Genitive absolute expressing cause ('since the enemy were nowhere reported'). While it can also be construed as a genitive attribute modifying the objective genitive τῶν πολεμίων dependent on ὑπεροψίαν, in either case it explains that the lack of intelligence about the enemy's approach caused their negligence (ὑπεροψία).

Cite this passage

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities §9.34.1-9.34.4. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0081.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:9.34.1-9.34.4

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