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Dionysius of Halicarnassus · Roman Antiquities §8.34.1-8.34.3

Marcius on the Law of Nature and True Friendship

Passage 612 of 962 · Greek

Summary

Coriolanus argues to Minucius that the concepts of friendship and fatherland should be defined by the law of nature based on utility and actions rather than mere names or places. He also asserts that his actions are just and pleasing to the gods, who will guide him.

§8.34.1ὅταν δὲ φίλους ἔτι καλῇς, ὦ Μηνύκιε, τοὺς ἐξελάσαντάς με καὶ πατρίδα τὴν ἀπαρνησαμένην, φύσεώς τε νόμους ἀνακαλῇ καὶ περὶ τῶν ὁσίων διαλέγῃ, φαίνῃ μοι τὰ κοινότατα καὶ ὑπὸ μηδενὸς ἀγνοούμενα μόνος ἀγνοεῖν· ὅτι τὸ φίλιον ἢ πολέμιον οὔτʼ ὄψεως ὁρίζει χαρακτὴρ οὔτʼ ὀνόματος θέσις, ἀλλὰ ταῖς χρείαις καὶ τοῖς ἔργοις δηλοῦται τούτων ἑκάτερον, φιλοῦμέν τε πάντες τὰ ὠφελοῦντα καὶ μισοῦμεν τὰ βλάπτοντα, οὐκ ἀνθρώπων τινῶν ἡμῖν τόνδε θεμένων τὸν νόμον, οὐδὲ ἀνελούντων ποτὲ αὐτόν, ἐὰν τἀναντία αὐτοῖς δοκῇ, ἀλλʼ ὑπὸ τῆς κοινῆς φύσεως ἐξ ἅπαντος τοῦ χρόνου πᾶσι τοῖς αἰσθήσεως μετειληφόσι κείμενον καὶ εἰς ἀεὶ διαμενοῦντα παραλαβόντες· §8.34.2καὶ διὰ τοῦτο φίλους τʼ ἀπαρνούμεθα, ὅταν ἀδικήσωσι, καὶ ἐχθροὺς φίλους ποιούμεθα, ὅταν τις ἡμῖν παρʼ αὐτῶν ὑπάρξῃ χάρις, πόλιν τε τὴν γειναμένην ἡμᾶς, ὅταν μὲν ὠφελῇ, στέργομεν, ὅταν δὲ βλάπτῃ, καταλείπομεν, οὐ διὰ τὸν τόπον ἀγαπῶντες αὐτήν, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὸ συμφέρον. §8.34.3καὶ οὐχὶ τοῖς μὲν ἰδιώταις οὕτως ἐπέρχεται καθʼ ἕνα φρονεῖν, οὐχὶ δὲ καὶ πόλεσιν ὅλαις καὶ ἔθνεσιν, ὥστε ὁ ταύτῃ τῇ γνώμῃ χρώμενος οὐδὲν ἔξω τῶν θείων ἀξιοῖ νομίμων, οὐδὲ παρὰ τὴν κοινὴν ἁπάντων ἀνθρώπων ποιεῖ δικαίωσιν.
\nBut when you still call those who expelled me 'friends,' Minucius, and the country that rejected me 'fatherland,' and when you invoke the laws of nature and discourse on holy things, you seem to me alone to be ignorant of the most common things, which are unknown to no one—namely, that neither the character of appearance nor the setting of a name defines what is friendly or hostile, but each of these is shown by needs and deeds, and that we all love what benefits us and hate what harms us, not because some men established this law for us, nor because they will ever abolish it if the contrary seems good to them, but because we have received it as established by common nature from all time for all who have a share of perception, and as one that will remain forever.\n\nAnd for this reason, we reject friends when they do wrong, and we make enemies our friends when some favor is shown to us by them; and we love the city that gave us birth when it benefits us, but we abandon it when it harms us, loving it not because of the place, but because of our advantage.\n\nAnd does it not occur to private individuals to think thus, one by one, and not also to entire cities and nations, so that he who uses this judgment claims nothing outside of the divine ordinances, nor acts contrary to the common justice of all men?
ἐγὼ μὲν δὴ ταῦτα πράττοντα ἐμαυτὸν τά τε δίκαια ἡγοῦμαι πράττειν καὶ τὰ συμφέροντα καὶ τὰ καλὰ καὶ ἅμα ταῦτα καὶ τὰ πρὸς τοὺς θεοὺς ὁσιώτατα· καὶ οὐ δέομαι δικαστὰς ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν λαβεῖν τοὺς εἰκασμῷ καὶ δόξῃ τεκμαιρομένους τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἀνθρώπους, ἐπειδὴ θεοῖς ἀρέσκοντα πράττω.
I indeed believe that in doing these things I am doing what is just, advantageous, and noble, and at the same time what is most pious towards the gods; and I do not need to take as judges of these matters men who estimate the truth by conjecture and opinion, since I do what is pleasing to the gods.
οὐ γὰρ ἀδυνάτοις ἐπιχειρεῖν ὑπολαμβάνω πράγμασι θεοὺς ἔχων αὐτῶν ἡγεμόνας, εἴγε δεῖ τεκμαίρεσθαι τοῖς γεγονόσιν ἤδη τὰ μέλλοντα.
For I do not suppose that I am undertaking impossible tasks, since I have the gods as my leaders in them, if indeed one must judge the future by what has already happened.

Notes

  1. 8.34.1ὅτι τὸ φίλιον — The conjunction 'ὅτι' introduces a noun clause that explains the content of the infinitive 'ἀγνοεῖν' (to be ignorant of) in the main clause. This 'ὅτι' clause governs both the first main statement 'τὸ φίλιον... δηλοῦται' and the second 'φιλοῦμέν τε πάντες...', which are connected by the particle 'τε'.
  2. 8.34.1οὐκ ἀνθρώπων τινῶν — The phrase 'ἀνθρώπων τινῶν ἡμῖν τόνδε θεμένων τὸν νόμον, οὐδὲ ἀνελούντων...' is a genitive absolute construction with the participles 'θεμένων' and 'ἀνελούντων'. Accompanied by the negatives 'οὐκ... οὐδέ', it explains negatively the reason or ground for the main action 'φιλοῦμέν... μισοῦμεν' (we love and hate), contrasting it with the subsequent positive reason 'ἀλλʼ... παραλαβόντες' (but because we have received...).
  3. 8.34.3καὶ οὐχὶ τοῖς μὲν — The structure 'οὐχὶ τοῖς μὲν ἰδιώταις... οὐχὶ δὲ καὶ πόλεσιν...' forms a double negative rhetorical question ('is it not..., and is it not also...?'), expressing a strong affirmation ('it is so for private individuals, and likewise also for cities and nations'). The subject of the verb 'ἐπέρχεται' (to occur, come upon), which is used here with the dative 'τοῖς ἰδιώταις', is the infinitive phrase 'καθʼ ἕνα φρονεῖν' (to think individually).

Cite this passage

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities §8.34.1-8.34.3. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0081.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:8.34.1-8.34.3

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