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Dionysius of Halicarnassus · Roman Antiquities §4.49.1-4.49.3

Expansion of the Alliance and the Latin Festival

Passage 293 of 962 · Greek

Summary

Having secured the leadership of the Latins, Tarquinius formed alliances with the Hernici and some Volscian cities, and established a common sanctuary on the Alban Mount to ensure their permanence. There, they celebrated the annual Latin Festivals, where forty-seven cities offered joint sacrifices and shared food under Roman leadership.

§4.49.1τυχὼν δὲ τῆς Λατίνων ἡγεμονίας ὁ Ταρκύνιος ἐπρεσβεύσατο καὶ πρὸς τὰς Ἑρνίκων πόλεις καὶ πρὸς τὰς Οὐολούσκων προκαλούμενος κἀκείνους εἰς φιλίαν τε καὶ συμμαχίαν.
And Tarquinius, having obtained the leadership of the Latins, sent embassies both to the cities of the Hernici and to those of the Volsci, inviting them also to friendship and alliance.
Ἕρνικες μὲν οὖν ἅπαντες ἐψηφίσαντο ποιεῖν τὴν συμμαχίαν, ἐκ δὲ τοῦ Οὐολούσκων ἔθνους δύο πόλεις ἐδέξαντο μόναι τὰς προκλήσεις, Ἐχετρανοί τε καὶ Ἀντιᾶται.
The Hernici, on the one hand, all voted to make the alliance, but from the Volscian nation, only two cities accepted the invitations: the Ecetrans and the Antiates.
τοῦ δὲ μένειν εἰς ἅπαντα χρόνον τὰ συγκείμενα ταῖς πόλεσι πρόνοιαν ὁ Ταρκύνιος λαμβάνων ἱερὸν ἔγνω κοινὸν ἀποδεῖξαι Ῥωμαίων τε καὶ Λατίνων καὶ Ἑρνίκων καὶ Οὐολούσκων τῶν ἐγγραψαμένων εἰς τὴν συμμαχίαν, ἵνα συνερχόμενοι καθʼ ἕκαστον ἐνιαυτὸν εἰς τὸν ἀποδειχθέντα τόπον πανηγυρίζωσι καὶ συνεστιῶνται καὶ κοινῶν ἱερῶν μεταλαμβάνωσιν.
And Tarquinius, taking thought that the agreements made with the cities should remain for all time, resolved to establish a common sanctuary for the Romans, Latins, Hernici, and those of the Volsci who had entered into the alliance, in order that, assembling every year at the appointed place, they might celebrate the festival, feast together, and partake in the common sacred rites.
§4.49.2ἀγαπητῶς δὲ πάντων τὸ πρᾶγμα δεξαμένων τόπον μὲν ἀπέδειξεν, ἔνθα ποιήσονται τὴν σύνοδον ἐν μέσῳ μάλιστα τῶν ἐθνῶν κείμενον ὄρος ὑψηλόν, ὃ τῆς Ἀλβανῶν ὑπέρκειται πόλεως, ἐν ᾧ πανηγύρεις τʼ ἀνὰ πᾶν ἔτος ἄγεσθαι καὶ ἐκεχειρίας εἶναι πᾶσι πρὸς πάντας ἐνομοθέτησε θυσίας τε συντελεῖσθαι κοινὰς τῷ καλουμένῳ Λατιαρίῳ Διὶ καὶ συνεστιάσεις, τάξας ἃ δεῖ παρέχειν ἑκάστην πόλιν εἰς τὰ ἱερά, καὶ μοῖραν, ἣν ἑκάστην δεήσει λαμβάνειν.
And when all gladly accepted the proposal, he designated as the place where they should hold their assembly a high mountain situated almost in the midst of these nations, which rises above the city of the Albans, on which he legislated that festivals should be celebrated every year, and that there should be a truce for all towards all, and that common sacrifices and banquets should be performed to the god called Jupiter Latiaris, having prescribed what each city must contribute to the sacred rites, and the portion of meat which each would be required to receive.
αἱ δὲ μετασχοῦσαι τῆς ἑορτῆς τε καὶ τῆς θυσίας πόλεις τριῶν δέουσαι πεντήκοντα ἐγένοντο.
And the cities that took part in the festival and the sacrifice became forty-seven.
§4.49.3ταύτας τὰς ἑορτάς τε καὶ τὰς θυσίας μέχρι τῶν καθʼ ἡμᾶς χρόνων ἐπιτελοῦσι Ῥωμαῖοι Λατίνας καλοῦντες, καὶ φέρουσιν εἰς αὐτὰς αἱ μετέχουσαι τῶν ἱερῶν πόλεις αἱ μὲν ἄρνας, αἱ δὲ τυρούς, αἱ δὲ γάλακτός τι μέτρον, αἱ δὲ ὅμοιόν τι τούτοις· ἑνὸς δὲ ταύρου κοινῶς ὑπὸ πασῶν θυομένου μέρος ἑκάστη τὸ τεταγμένον λαμβάνει.
These festivals and sacrifices the Romans perform down to our times, calling them the Latin Festivals; and the cities that partake of the sacred rites bring to them, some lambs, others cheeses, others a certain measure of milk, and others something similar to these; and from a single bull sacrificed in common by them all, each city receives its prescribed portion.
θύουσι δʼ ὑπὲρ ἁπάντων καὶ τὴν ἡγεμονίαν τῶν ἱερῶν ἔχουσι Ῥωμαῖοι.
And the Romans sacrifice on behalf of all, and have the leadership of the sacred rites.

Notes

  1. 4.49.1τοῦ δὲ μένειν — A genitive infinitive phrase with the article `τοῦ` governing the infinitive `μένειν` (with `τὰ συγκείμενα` as its subject). It functions as an objective genitive or genitive of connection depending on the noun `πρόνοιαν` ("taking thought that... / for the remaining of...").
  2. 4.49.2τριῶν δέουσαι πεντήκοντα — An idiomatic Greek numerical expression for "forty-seven" (literally "fifty wanting three"). The participle `δέουσαι` (present active participle of `δέω`, "to lack") is feminine plural, agreeing in gender and number with the subject `πόλεις`.
  3. 4.49.3τὴν ἡγεμονίαν τῶν ἱερῶν ἔχουσι — Meaning "to have the leadership of the sacred rites." The genitive `τῶν ἱερῶν` acts as an objective genitive qualifying `τὴν ἡγεμονίαν`. This is a crucial historical remark indicating that despite the appearance of an equal alliance, Rome held the religious (and consequently political) supremacy.

Cite this passage

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities §4.49.1-4.49.3. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0081.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:4.49.1-4.49.3

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