§4.20.1τοῦτον δὲ τὸν τρόπον ἅπαν ἐπιθεὶς τὸ βάρος τοῖς πλουσίοις τῶν τε κινδύνων καὶ τῶν ἀναλωμάτων, ὡς εἶδεν ἀγανακτοῦντας αὐτούς, διʼ ἑτέρου τρόπου τήν τʼ ἀθυμίαν αὐτῶν παρεμυθήσατο καὶ τὴν ὀργὴν ἐπράυνε πλεονέκτημα δωρησάμενος, ἐξ οὗ πάσης ἔμελλον τῆς πολιτείας ἔσεσθαι κύριοι, τοὺς πένητας ἀπελάσας ἀπὸ τῶν κοινῶν· καὶ τοῦτο διαπραξάμενος ἔλαθε τοὺς δημοτικούς.
Having in this manner laid all the burden of both dangers and expenses upon the wealthy, when he saw them being resentful, he comforted their discouragement and softened their anger by another means, granting them a privilege through which they were destined to become masters of the whole state, by driving out the poor from public affairs; and having accomplished this, he escaped the notice of the plebeians.
ἦν δὲ τὸ πλεονέκτημα περὶ τὰς ἐκκλησίας, ἐν αἷς τὰ μέγιστα ἐπεκυροῦτο ὑπὸ τοῦ δήμου.
This privilege was concerned with the assemblies, in which the greatest matters were ratified by the people.
§4.20.2εἴρηται δέ μοι καὶ πρότερον, ὅτι τριῶν πραγμάτων ὁ δῆμος ἐκ τῶν παλαιῶν νόμων κύριος ἦν τῶν μεγίστων τε καὶ ἀναγκαιοτάτων, ἀρχὰς ἀποδεῖξαι τάς τε κατὰ πόλιν καὶ τὰς ἐπὶ στρατοπέδου, καὶ νόμους τοὺς μὲν ἐπικυρῶσαι, τοὺς δʼ ἀνελεῖν, καὶ περὶ πολέμου συνισταμένου τε καὶ καταλυομένου διαγνῶναι.
And it has been said by me before also, that the people, by the ancient laws, were masters of three of the greatest and most necessary things: to appoint magistrates both in the city and in the army, to ratify some laws and abrogate others, and to decide concerning war being begun and ended.
τὴν δὲ περὶ τούτων διάσκεψιν καὶ κρίσιν ἐποιεῖτο κατὰ τὰς φράτρας ψηφοφορῶν· καὶ ἦσαν οἱ τἀλάχιστα κεκτημένοι τοῖς τὰς μεγίστας ἔχουσιν οὐσίας ἰσόψηφοι· ὀλίγων δʼ ὄντων, ὥσπερ εἰκός, τῶν πλουσίων, οἱ πένητες ἐν ταῖς ψηφοφορίαις ἐπεκράτουν μακρῷ πλείους ὄντες ἐκείνων.
And they made their deliberation and judgment concerning these matters by voting according to curiae; and those who possessed the least were equal in vote to those who had the greatest estates; and as the wealthy were few, as was natural, the poor prevailed in the voting, being far more numerous than they.
§4.20.3τοῦτο συνιδὼν ὁ Τύλλιος ἐπὶ τοὺς πλουσίους μετέθηκε τὸ τῶν ψήφων κράτος.
Tullius, seeing this, transferred the power of the votes to the wealthy.
ὁπότε γὰρ ἀρχὰς ἀποδεικνύειν ἢ περὶ νόμου διαγινώσκειν ἢ πόλεμον ἐκφέρειν δόξειεν αὐτῷ, τὴν λοχῖτιν ἀντὶ τῆς φρατρικῆς συνῆγεν ἐκκλησίαν.
For whenever he thought fit to appoint magistrates, or to decide about a law, or to declare war, he would assemble the assembly by centuries instead of the assembly by curiae.
ἐκάλει δʼ εἰς ἀπόφασιν γνώμης πρώτους μὲν λόχους τοὺς ἀπὸ τοῦ μεγίστου τιμήματος καταγραφέντας, ἐν οἷς ἦσαν οἵ τε τῶν ἱππέων ὀκτωκαίδεκα καὶ οἱ τῶν πεζῶν ὀγδοήκοντα.
And he called to declare their opinion first those centuries that were enrolled from the highest rating, among which were the eighteen of the cavalry and the eighty of the infantry.
§4.20.4οὗτοι τρισὶ πλείους ὄντες τῶν ὑπολειπομένων εἰ ταὐτὸ φρονήσειαν, ἐκράτουν τῶν ἑτέρων καὶ τέλος εἶχεν ἡ γνώμη· εἰ δὲ μὴ γένοιντο ἐπὶ τῆς αὐτῆς προαιρέσεως ἅπαντες οὗτοι, τότε τοὺς ἀπὸ τοῦ δευτέρου τιμήματος εἴκοσι καὶ δύο λόχους ἐκάλει.
These, being three more than the remaining centuries, if they were of the same mind, prevailed over the others, and the decision was final; but if all these did not come to the same choice, then he called the twenty-two centuries of the second rating.
μερισθεισῶν δὲ καὶ τότε τῶν ψήφων τοὺς ἀπὸ τοῦ τρίτου τιμήματος ἐκάλει· καὶ τετάρτους τοὺς ἀπὸ τοῦ τετάρτου τιμήματος.
And if the votes were divided even then, he called those of the third rating; and fourthly, those of the fourth rating.
καὶ τοῦτʼ ἐποίει μέχρι τοῦ γενέσθαι λόχους ἑπτὰ καὶ ἐνενήκοντα ἰσοψήφους.
And he did this until ninety-seven centuries became of the same vote.
εἰ δὲ μέχρι τῆς πέμπτης κλήσεως §4.20.5μὴ τύχοι τοῦτο γενόμενον, ἀλλʼ εἰς ἴσα μέρη σχισθεῖεν αἱ τῶν ἑκατὸν ἐνενήκοντα δύο λόχων γνῶμαι, τότε τὸν ἔσχατον ἐκάλει λόχον, ἐν ᾧ τὸ τῶν ἀπόρων καὶ διὰ τοῦτʼ ἀφειμένων ἁπάσης στρατείας τε καὶ εἰσφορᾶς πολιτῶν πλῆθος ἦν· ὁποτέρᾳ δὲ προσθοῖτο τῶν μερίδων οὗτος ὁ λόχος, αὕτη τὸ κράτος ἐλάμβανε.
If, however, down to the fifth call this did not happen to take place, but the opinions of the hundred and ninety-two centuries were divided into equal parts, then he called the last century, in which was the multitude of citizens who were poor and for this reason exempt from all military service and tax; and to whichever of the two parties this century added itself, that party obtained the victory.
τοῦτο δʼ ἦν σπάνιον καὶ οὐ μακρὰν ἀπέχον τἀδυνάτου.
But this was rare and not far from impossible.
τὰ πολλὰ μὲν γὰρ ἐπὶ τῆς πρώτης κλήσεως τέλος ἐλάμβανεν, ὀλίγα δὲ μέχρι τῆς τετάρτης προὔβαινεν· ἡ δὲ πέμπτη κλῆσις καὶ ἡ τελευταία παρείλκοντο.
For most matters were decided at the first call, and few proceeded as far as the fourth; and the fifth call and the last were superfluous.