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Dionysius of Halicarnassus · Roman Antiquities §3.61.1-3.61.3

Insignia of Kingship from Etruria and Their Origins

Passage 232 of 962 · Greek

Summary

The Tyrrhenian ambassadors accept the king's terms and return with the symbols of sovereignty, such as the toga and twelve axes. The author provides a reconciling hypothesis between conflicting traditions regarding whether Romulus or Tarquinius first introduced these symbols to Rome.

§3.61.1ταύτας λαβόντες οἱ πρέσβεις τὰς ἀποκρίσεις ᾤχοντο καὶ μετʼ ὀλίγας ἡμέρας παρῆσαν οὐ λόγους αὐτῷ μόνον φέροντες ψιλούς, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ σύμβολα τῆς ἡγεμονίας, οἷς ἐκόσμουν αὐτοὶ τοὺς σφετέρους βασιλεῖς, κομίζοντες στεφανόν τε χρύσεον καὶ θρόνον ἐλεφάντινον καὶ σκῆπτρον ἀετὸν ἔχον ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς χιτῶνά τε πορφυροῦν χρυσόσημον καὶ περιβόλαιον πορφυροῦν ποικίλον, οἷα Λυδῶν τε καὶ Περσῶν ἐφόρουν οἱ βασιλεῖς, πλὴν οὐ τετράγωνόν γε τῷ σχήματι, καθάπερ ἐκεῖνα ἦν, ἀλλʼ ἡμικύκλιον.
Having received these answers, the ambassadors departed, and after a few days they returned, bringing him not merely bare words, but also carrying the symbols of sovereignty with which they themselves used to adorn their own kings, namely, a golden crown, an ivory throne, a sceptre having an eagle on its head, a purple tunic embroidered with gold, and a variegated purple mantle, such as the kings of the Lydians and Persians used to wear, except not indeed square in shape, as those were, but semicircular.
τὰ δὲ τοιαῦτα τῶν ἀμφιεσμάτων Ῥωμαῖοι μὲν τόγας, Ἕλληνες δὲ τήβεννον καλοῦσιν, οὐκ οἶδʼ ὁπόθεν μαθόντες· Ἑλληνικὸν γὰρ οὐ φαίνεταί μοι τοὔνομα εἶναι.
This kind of garment the Romans indeed call togas, and the Greeks tebenna, though I know not from where they learned it; for the name does not seem to me to be Greek.
§3.61.2ὡς δέ τινες ἱστοροῦσι καὶ τοὺς δώδεκα πελέκεις ἐκόμισαν αὐτῷ λαβόντες ἐξ ἑκάστης πόλεως ἕνα.
And as some relate, they also brought him the twelve axes, taking one from each city.
Τυρρηνικὸν γὰρ εἶναι ἔθος δοκεῖ ἑκάστου τῶν κατὰ πόλιν βασιλέων ἕνα προηγεῖσθαι ῥαβδοφόρον ἅμα τῇ δέσμῃ τῶν ῥάβδων πέλεκυν φέροντα· εἰ δὲ κοινὴ γίνοιτο τῶν δώδεκα πόλεων στρατεία, τοὺς δώδεκα πελέκεις ἑνὶ παραδίδοσθαι τῷ λαβόντι τὴν αὐτοκράτορα ἀρχήν.
For it seems to be a Tyrrhenian custom that one lictor goes before each of the kings in each city, carrying an axe along with the bundle of rods; and if there should be a common campaign of the twelve cities, the twelve axes are delivered to the one who has received the supreme command.
§3.61.3οὐ μὴν ἅπαντές γε συμφέρονται τοῖς ταῦτα λέγουσιν, ἀλλὰ παλαίτερον ἔτι τῆς Ταρκυνίου δυναστείας πελέκεις δώδεκα πρὸ τῶν βασιλέων φέρεσθαί φασι, καταστήσασθαι δὲ τὸ ἔθος τοῦτο Ῥωμύλον εὐθὺς ἅμα τῷ παραλαβεῖν τὴν ἀρχήν.
However, not all agree with those who say these things; but they say that even earlier than the reign of Tarquinius twelve axes were carried before the kings, and that Romulus established this custom immediately upon taking over the government.
οὐθὲν δὲ κωλύει τὸ μὲν εὕρημα Τυρρηνῶν εἶναι, χρήσασθαι δʼ αὐτῷ πρῶτον Ῥωμύλον παρʼ ἐκείνων λαβόντα, κομισθῆναι δὲ Ταρκυνίῳ σὺν τοῖς ἄλλοις κόσμοις βασιλικοῖς καὶ τοὺς δώδεκα πελέκεις, ὥσπερ γε καὶ νῦν Ῥωμαῖοι τὰ σκῆπτρα καὶ τὰ διαδήματα δωροῦνται τοῖς βασιλεῦσι βεβαιοῦντες αὐτοῖς τὰς ἐξουσίας, ἐπεὶ καὶ μὴ λαβόντες γε παρʼ ἐκείνων ἔχουσιν αὐτά.
But nothing prevents the invention itself from being Tyrrhenian, and Romulus having first used it after taking it from them, and the twelve axes having been brought to Tarquinius along with the other royal ornaments, just as indeed even now Romans present sceptres and diadems to kings, confirming to them their powers, since even without receiving them from them they possess them.

Notes

  1. p.v.1p.383φέροντες... κομίζοντες — Two nominative participles, `φέροντες` and `κομίζοντες`, modify the main verb `παρῆσαν` (they returned) and agree with the subject `οἱ πρέσβεις` (the ambassadors). The latter participle `κομίζοντες` governs the subsequent list of accusative nouns (crown, throne, etc.) which represent the concrete symbols of sovereignty.
  2. p.v.1p.384οὐθὲν δὲ κωλύει τὸ μὲν εὕρημα Τυρρηνῶν εἶναι... — The impersonal verb `κωλύει` (prevents) governs three parallel accusative with infinitive (AcI) clauses: (1) `τὸ μὲ实现 ... εἶναι` (the invention indeed to be Tyrrhenian), (2) `χρήσασθαι δʼ αὐτῷ πρῶτον Ῥωμύλον` (and Romulus to have first used it), and (3) `κομισθῆναι δὲ Ταρκυνίῳ ... καὶ τοὺς δώδεκα πελέκεις` (and the twelve axes to have been brought to Tarquinius). This long parallel structure allows the author to present a reconciling hypothesis between conflicting historical accounts.
  3. 570μὴ λαβόντες — A conditional participle accompanied by the negative particle `μὴ`, expressing a concessive or conditional meaning ('even if they do not receive' or 'even without receiving'). It presents a hypothetical situation modifying the main verb `ἔχουσιν`.

Cite this passage

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities §3.61.1-3.61.3. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0081.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:3.61.1-3.61.3

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