§13ἐνομίσθη δὲ τοῦτο ἄλλοις ἐπʼ ἄλλαις αἰτίαις· ἢ γὰρ ἡττηθέντες μάχαις μεγάλαις ἔπειτα ἔταξαν ἐκείνας τὰς ἡμέρας ἐν αἷς τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐπεπόνθεισαν ἀπράκτους καὶ ἀκύρους τῶν ἐννόμων πράξεων εἶναι, ἢ καὶ νὴ Δία — καίτοι ἄκαιρον ἴσως καὶ ἔξωρόν γε ἤδη, γέροντα ἄνδρα μεταπαιδεύειν καὶ ἀναδιδάσκειν τὰ τοιαῦτα, μηδὲ τὰ πρὸ τούτων εἰδότα.
And this custom was established by different people for different reasons; for either after being defeated in great battles they then ordained those days on which they had suffered such things to be unproductive and invalid for legal transactions, or indeed, by Zeus—though it is perhaps untimely and already too late to re-educate and teach anew an old man such things, when he does not even know the things before these.
πάνυ γοῦν τοῦτʼ ἔστι τὸ λοιπόν, κἂν ἐκμάθῃς αὐτό, πᾶν ἡμῖν εἰδὼς ἔσῃ.
At any rate, this is entirely what remains, and if you learn it thoroughly, you will be in our eyes a know-it-all.
πόθεν, ὦ οὗτος;
How so, my good fellow?
τὰ μὲν γὰρ ἄλλα καὶ ἀγνοῆσαι συγγνώμη ὁπόσα ἔξω τοῦ πολλοῦ πάτου καὶ ἄδηλα τοῖς ἰδιώταις, τὴν ἀποφράδα δὲ οὐδὲ βουληθεὶς ἂν ἄλλως εἴποις· ἓν γὰρ τοῦτο καὶ μόνον ἁπάντων τοὔνομα.
For while it is pardonable to be ignorant of other things, as many as are off the beaten track and obscure to laymen, as for 'apophras', not even if you wished could you say it otherwise; for this is the one and only name for it among all people.
§14ἔστω, φησί τις, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν παλαιῶν ὀνομάτων τὰ μὲν λεκτέα, τὰ δʼ οὔ, ὁπόσα αὐτῶν μὴ συνήθη τοῖς πολλοῖς, ὡς μὴ ταράττοιμεν τὰς ἀκοὰς καὶ τιτρώσκοιμεν τῶν συνόντων τὰ ὦτα. ἐγὼ δέ, ὦ βέλτιστε, πρὸς μὲν σὲ ἴσως ταῦτα περὶ σοῦ εἰπὼν ἥμαρτον· ἐχρῆν γὰρ ἐχρῆν ἢ κατὰ Παφλαγόνων ἢ Καππαδοκῶν ἢ Βακτρίων πάτρια διαλέγεσθαί σοι, ὡς ἐκμάθῃς τὰ λεγόμενα καὶ σοὶ ἀκούειν ᾖ ἡδέα.
'Granted,' someone says, 'but even of the ancient words, some are to be spoken and others not, namely those of them which are not familiar to the multitude, so that we may not disturb the hearing and wound the ears of our companions.' But I, my excellent friend, was perhaps wrong to say these things to you about yourself; for I ought, indeed I ought, to have conversed with you in the ancestral language of either the Paphlagonians or Cappadocians or Bactrians, so that you might understand what is said and it might be pleasant for you to hear.
τοῖς δʼ ἄλλοις Ἕλλησιν οἶμαι καθʼ Ἑλλάδα γλῶτταν συνεῖναι χρή.
But with the other Greeks, I think one should communicate in the Greek tongue.
εἶτα καὶ τῶν Ἀττικῶν κατὰ χρόνους τινὰς πολλὰ ἐντρεψάντων τῆς αὑτῶν φωνῆς, τοῦτο ἐν τοῖς μάλιστα τὸ ὄνομα διετέλεσεν οὕτως ἀεὶ καὶ πρὸς ἁπάντων αὐτῶν λεγόμενον.
Furthermore, although the Attics at various times changed many things in their own speech, this name above all continued to be spoken always and by all of them in this way.
§15εἶπον ἂν καὶ τοὺς πρὸ ἡμῶν κεχρημένους τῷ ὀνόματι, εἰ μὴ καὶ ταύτῃ σε διαταράξειν ἔμελλον, ξένα σοι καὶ ἄγνωστα ποιητῶν καὶ ῥητόρων καὶ συγγραφέων ὀνόματα διεξιών.
I would also have named those before us who used the word, if I were not going to disturb you in this way too, by going through names of poets, orators, and historians that are foreign and unknown to you.
μᾶλλον δὲ οὐδʼ ἐγώ σοι τοὺς εἰπόντας ἐρῶ, πάντες γὰρ ἴσασιν, ἀλλὰ σύ μοι ἕνα τῶν πάλαι δείξας οὐ κεχρημένον τῷ ὀνόματι, χρυσοῦς, φασίν, ἐν Ὀλυμπίᾳ στάθητι. καίτοι ὅστις γέρων ὢν καὶ ἀφῆλιξ τὰ τοιαῦτα ἀγνοεῖ, δοκεῖ μοι καὶ ὅτι Ἀθῆναι πόλις ἐστὶν ἐν τῇ Ἀττικῇ καὶ Κόρινθος ἐπὶ τῷ Ἰσθμῷ καὶ Σπάρτη ἐν Πελοποννήσῳ μὴ εἰδέναι.
Or rather, I will not even tell you those who spoke it, for everyone knows; but if you show me just one of the ancients who did not use the word, 'be set up in gold,' as they say, 'at Olympia.' And yet, whoever, being an old man past his prime, is ignorant of such things, seems to me not even to know that Athens is a city in Attica, and Corinth on the Isthmus, and Sparta in the Peloponnese.
§16λοιπὸν ἴσως ἐκεῖνό σοι λέγειν, ὡς τὸ μὲν ὄνομα ᾔδεις, τὴν δὲ χρῆσιν αὐτοῦ ἄκαιρον ᾐτιάσω.
It remains, perhaps, for you to say that you knew the name, but blamed its use as untimely.
φέρε δὴ καὶ ὑπὲρ τούτου πρὸς σὲ ἀπολογήσομαι τὰ εἰκότα, σὺ δὲ προσέχειν τὸν νοῦν, εἰ μὴ πάνυ ὀλίγον σοι μέλει τοῦ μηδὲν εἰδέναι.
Come then, on this point too I will make a reasonable defense to you, and you must pay attention, unless you care very little about knowing nothing.
οἱ πάλαι πολλὰ τοιαῦτα πρὸ ἡμῶν ἀπέρριψαν ἐς τοὺς σοὶ ὁμοίους ἕκαστοι τοὺς τότε — ἦσαν γὰρ καὶ τότε, ὡς τὸ εἰκός, βδελυροί τινες ἐς τὰ ἤθη καὶ μιαροὶ καὶ κακοήθεις τὸν τρόπον — καὶ ὁ μὲν κόθορνόν τινα εἶπεν, εἰκάσας αὐτοῦ τὸν βίον ἀμφίβολον ὄντα τοῖς τοιούτοις ὑποδήμασιν, ὁ δὲ λύμην, ὅτι τὰς ἐκκλησίας θορυβώδης ῥήτωρ ὢν ἐπετάραττεν, ὁ δὲ ἑβδόμην, ὅτι ὥσπερ οἱ παῖδες ἐν ταῖς ἑβδόμαις κἀκεῖνος ἐν ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις ἔπαιζεν καὶ διεγέλα καὶ παιδιὰν ἐποιεῖτο τὴν σπουδὴν τοῦ δήμου.
Those of old threw out many such terms before us against those like you in each of their times—for there were also then, as is likely, some detestable in their manners, filthy, and malicious in their character—and one called a certain person a 'cothurnus', likening his double-dealing life to such footwear; another called someone 'ruin', because as a turbulent orator he disrupted the assemblies; and another called someone 'the seventh day', because just as children play on the seventh days, he too played and mocked in the assemblies, making a game of the people's seriousness.
μὴ δῷς οὖν κἀμοί, πρὸς Ἀδώνιδος, εἰκάσαι παμπόνηρον ἄνθρωπον, ἁπάσῃ κακίᾳ σύντροφον, ἡμέρᾳ δυσφήμῳ καὶ ἀπαισίῳ;
Will you not then grant me too, by Adonis, to liken an utterly wicked man, nurtured in every vice, to an ill-omened and unlucky day?
§17ἡμεῖς δὲ καὶ τοὺς χωλοὺς τῷ δεξιῷ ἐκτρεπόμεθα, καὶ μάλιστα εἰ ἕωθεν ἴδοιμεν αὐτούς· κἂν εἴ τις βάκηλον ἢ εὐνοῦχον ἴδοι ἢ πίθηκον εὐθὺς ἐξιὼν τῆς οἰκίας, ἐπὶ πόδα ἀναστρέφει καὶ ἐπανέρχεται, οὐκ ἀγαθὰς μαντευόμενος τὰς ἐφημέρους ἐκείνας πράξεις ἔσεσθαι αὑτῷ ὑπὸ πονηρῷ τῷ πρώτῳ καὶ δυσφήμῳ κληδονίσματι.
And we turn away even from those lame in the right foot, especially if we should see them at dawn; and if anyone, immediately upon leaving his house, should see a gallus, or a eunuch, or an ape, he turns back on his steps and returns home, divining that his daily business will not go well for him under such a bad first and ill-omened omen.
ἐν ἀρχῇ δὲ καὶ ἐν θύραις καὶ ἐπὶ τῇ πρώτῃ ἐξόδῳ καὶ ἕωθεν τοῦ ἅπαντος ἔτους εἴ τις ἴδοι κίναιδον καὶ ἀπόρρητα ποιοῦντα καὶ πάσχοντα, ἐπίσημον ἐπὶ τούτῳ καὶ ἀπερρωγότα καὶ μονονουχὶ τοὔνομα τῶν ἔργων αὐτῶν ὀνομαζόμενον, ἀπατεῶνα, γόητα, ἐπίορκον, ὄλεθρον, κύφωνα, βάραθρον, μὴ φύγῃ μηδʼ εἰκάσῃ τοῦτον ἀποφράδι ἡμέρᾳ;
And at the beginning, at the gates, at the very first exit, and at the dawn of the entire year, if anyone should see a pathic both doing and suffering unspeakable things, notorious for this and shameless, and almost called by the very name of his deeds, a cheat, a charlatan, a perjurer, a pest, a pillory, a pit, should he not flee from him, nor liken him to an 'apophras' day?