§1ἄξιόν γε παρατηρεῖν τὰ ὑπὸ τῶν πολλῶν ἐν τοῖς πένθεσι γιγνόμενα καὶ λεγόμενα καὶ τὰ ὑπὸ τῶν παραμυθουμένων δῆθεν αὐτοὺς αὖθις λεγόμενα, καὶ ὡς ἀφόρητα ἡγοῦνται τὰ συμβαίνοντα σφίσι τε αὐτοῖς οἱ ὀδυρόμενοι καὶ ἐκείνοις οὓς ὀδύρονται, οὐ μὰ τὸν Πλούτωνα καὶ Φερσεφόνην κατʼ οὐδὲν ἐπιστάμενοι σαφῶς οὔτε εἰ πονηρὰ ταῦτα καὶ λύπης ἄξια οὔτε εἰ τοὐναντίον ἡδέα καὶ βελτίω τοῖς παθοῦσι, νόμῳ δὲ καὶ συνηθείᾳ τὴν λύπην ἐπιτρέποντες.
It is indeed worth observing what is done and said by the many in times of mourning, and what is said in turn by those who supposedly console them, and how unbearable they think the occurrences are, both for themselves who lament and for those whom they lament—not knowing clearly at all, by Pluto and Persephone, neither whether these things are bad and worthy of grief, nor whether on the contrary they are pleasant and better for those who have experienced them, but committing their grief to custom and habit.
ἐπειδὰν τοίνυν ἀποθάνῃ τις, οὕτω ποιοῦσιν — μᾶλλον δὲ πρότερον εἰπεῖν βούλομαι ἅστινας περὶ αὐτοῦ τοῦ θανάτου δόξας ἔχουσιν· οὕτω γὰρ ἔσται φανερὸν οὗτινος ἕνεκα τὰ περιττὰ ἐκεῖνα ἐπιτηδεύουσιν.
Therefore, whenever someone dies, they act in this way—or rather, I wish first to tell what opinions they hold about death itself; for thus it will be clear for what reason they practice those superfluous things.
§2ὁ μὲν δὴ πολὺς ὅμιλος, οὓς ἰδιώτας οἱ σοφοὶ καλοῦσιν, Ὁμήρῳ τε καὶ Ἡσιόδῳ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις μυθοποιοῖς περὶ τούτων πειθόμενοι καὶ νόμον θέμενοι τὴν ποίησιν αὐτῶν, τόπον τινα ὑπὸ τῇ γῇ βαθὺν Ἅιδην ὑπειλήφασιν, μέγαν δὲ καὶ πολύχωρον τοῦτον εἶναι καὶ ζοφερὸν καὶ ἀνήλιον, οὐκ οἶδʼ ὅπως αὐτοῖς φωτίζεσθαι δοκοῦντα πρὸς τὸ καὶ καθορᾶν τῶν ἐνόντων ἕκαστον· βασιλεύειν δὲ τοῦ χάσματος ἀδελφὸν τοῦ Διὸς Πλούτωνα κεκλημένον, ὥς μοι τῶν τὰ τοιαῦτα δεινῶν τις ἔλεγε, διὰ τὸ πλουτεῖν τοῖς νεκροῖς τῇ προσηγορίᾳ τετιμημένον.
The common crowd, whom the wise call laymen, believing Homer and Hesiod and the other myth-makers about these things and taking their poetry as law, have assumed a deep place under the earth to be Hades, and that this is large and spacious and gloomy and sunless, somehow, I know not how, appearing to them to be lighted so that each of the things inside can be seen; and they believe that a brother of Zeus, called Pluto, rules over this chasm, honored with this name because of his wealth in the dead, as one of those clever in such matters told me.
τοῦτον δὲ τὸν Πλούτωνα τὴν παρʼ αὑτῷ πολιτείαν καὶ τὸν κάτω βίον καταστήσασθαι τοιοῦτον· κεκληρῶσθαι μὲν γὰρ αὐτὸν ἄρχειν τῶν ἀποθανόντων, καταδεξάμενον δὲ αὐτοὺς καὶ παραλαβόντα κατέχειν δεσμοῖς ἀφύκτοις, οὐδενὶ τὸ παράπαν τῆς ἄνω ὁδοῦ ὑφιέμενον πλὴν ἐξ ἅπαντος τοῦ αἰῶνος πάνυ ὀλίγων ἐπὶ μεγίσταις αἰτίαις.
And they say that this Pluto established his own state and the life below as follows: for he was allotted to rule over the dead, and having received and taken them in, he holds them in inescapable bonds, yielding the upward path to absolutely no one, except to a very few throughout all eternity for the greatest reasons.
§3περιρρεῖσθαι δὲ τὴν χώραν αὐτοῦ ποταμοῖς μεγάλοις τε καὶ φοβεροῖς καὶ ἐκ μόνων τῶν ὀνομάτων· Κωκυτοὶ γὰρ καὶ Πυριφλεγέθοντες καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα κέκληνται.
And they say his country is surrounded by rivers that are large and fearsome even from their names alone; for they are called Cocytus and Pyriphlegethon and things of that sort.
τὸ δὲ μέγιστον, ἡ Ἀχερουσία λίμνη πρόκειται πρώτη δεχομένη τοὺς ἀπαντῶντας, ἣν οὐκ ἔνι διαπλεῦσαι ἢ παρελθεῖν ἄνευ τοῦ πορθμέως· βαθεῖά τε γὰρ περᾶσαι τοῖς ποσὶν καὶ διανήξασθαι πολλή, καὶ ὅλως οὐκ ἂν αὐτὴν διαπταίη οὐδὲ τὰ νεκρὰ τῶν ὀρνέων.
And greatest of all, the Acherusian Lake lies in front, being the first to receive those who arrive, which it is not possible to sail across or pass without the ferryman; for it is too deep to cross on foot and too wide to swim across, and in short, not even dead birds could fly across it.
§4πρὸς δὲ αὐτῇ τῇ καθόδῳ καὶ πύλῃ οὔσῃ ἀδαμαντίνῃ ἀδελφιδοῦς τοῦ βασιλέως Αἰακὸς ἕστηκε τὴν φρουρὰν ἐπιτετραμμένος καὶ παρʼ αὐτῷ κύων τρικέφαλος μάλα κάρχαρος, τοὺς μὲν ἀφικνουμένους φίλιόν τι καὶ εἰρηνικὸν προσβλέπων, τοὺς δὲ πειρῶντας ἀποδιδράσκειν ὑλακτῶν καὶ τῷ χάσματι δεδιττόμενος.
And at the very descent and the gate, which is made of adamant, Aeacus, the king's nephew, stands, having been entrusted with the guard, and beside him a three-headed dog with very sharp teeth, looking upon those who arrive in a friendly and peaceful manner, but barking at those who try to escape and terrifying them with his gaping maw.
§5περαιωθέντας δὲ τὴν λίμνην εἰς τὸ εἴσω λειμὼν ὑποδέχεται μέγας τῷ ἀσφοδέλῳ κατάφυτος καὶ ποτὸν μνήμης πολέμιον· Λήθης γοῦν διὰ τοῦτο ὠνόμασται.
And when they have crossed the lake, a great meadow planted with asphodel receives them inside, and a drink hostile to memory; at any rate, for this reason it is called Lethe.
ταῦτα γὰρ ἀμέλει διηγήσαντο τοῖς πάλαι ἐκεῖθεν ἀφιγμένοι Ἄλκηστίς τε καὶ Πρωτεσίλαος οἱ Θετταλοὶ καὶ Θησεὺς ὁ τοῦ Αἰγέως καὶ ὁ τοῦ Ὁμήρου Ὀδυσσεύς, μάλα σεμνοὶ καὶ ἀξιόπιστοι μάρτυρες, ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν οὐ πιόντες τῆς πηγῆς· οὐ γὰρ ἂν ἐμέμνηντο αὐτῶν.
For these things, of course, were recounted to those of old by those who returned from there, Alcestis and Protesilaus of Thessaly, and Theseus the son of Aegeus, and Homer's Odysseus, very solemn and trustworthy witnesses, in my opinion not having drunk from the spring; for otherwise they would not have remembered these things.
§6ὁ μὲν οὖν Πλούτων, ὡς ἐκεῖνοι ἔφασαν, καὶ ἡ Φερσεφόνη δυναστεύουσι καὶ τὴν τῶν ὅλων δεσποτείαν ἔχουσιν, ὑπηρετοῦσι δʼ αὐτοῖς καὶ τὴν ἀρχὴν συνδιαπράττουσιν ὄχλος πολύς, Ἐρινύες τε καὶ Ποιναὶ καὶ Φόβοι καὶ ὁ Ἑρμῆς, οὗτος μέν γε οὐκ ἀεὶ συμπαρών.
So Pluto, as those people said, and Persephone rule and hold dominion over the whole, and a great crowd serves them and helps administer their empire, Erinyes and Poenae and Phoboi and Hermes—the latter, indeed, not being always present.