§1Τυχιάδης
ἔχεις μοι, ὦ Φιλόκλεις, εἰπεῖν τί ποτε ἄρα ἐστὶν ὃ πολλοὺς εἰς ἐπιθυμίαν τοῦ ψεύδους προάγεται, ὡς αὐτούς τε χαίρειν μηδὲν ὑγιὲς λέγοντας καὶ τοῖς τὰ τοιαῦτα διεξιοῦσιν μάλιστα προσέχειν τὸν νοῦν;
Tychiades: Can you tell me, Philocles, what on earth it is that leads so many people to a desire for lying, so that they themselves delight in saying nothing sound, and pay the closest attention to those who relate such things?
Φιλοκλῆς
πολλά, ὦ Τυχιάδη, ἐστὶν ἃ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἐνίους ἀναγκάζει τὰ ψευδῆ λέγειν εἰς τὸ χρήσιμον ἀποβλέποντας.
Philocles: There are many things, Tychiades, which compel some men to tell lies, looking to what is useful.
Τυχιάδης
οὐδὲν πρὸς ἔπος ταῦτα, φασίν, οὐ γὰρ περὶ τούτων ἠρόμην ὁπόσοι τῆς χρείας ἕνεκα ψεύδονται·
Tychiades: This is nothing to the purpose, as the saying goes; for I was not asking about those who lie for the sake of utility.
συγγνωστοὶ γὰρ οὗτοί γε, μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ ἐπαίνου τινὲς αὐτῶν ἄξιοι, ὁπόσοι ἢ πολεμίους ἐξηπάτησαν ἢ ἐπὶ σωτηρίᾳ τῷ τοιούτῳ φαρμάκῳ ἐχρήσαντο ἐν τοῖς δεινοῖς, οἷα πολλὰ καὶ ὁ Ὀδυσσεὺς ἐποίει τήν τε αὑτοῦ ψυχὴν ἀρνύμενος καὶ τὸν νόστον τῶν ἑταίρων.
For they are indeed pardonable—or rather, some of them are even worthy of praise, as many as have deceived enemies or used such a remedy for safety in times of danger, just as Odysseus often did, securing his own life and the return of his companions.
ἀλλὰ περὶ ἐκείνων, ὦ ἄριστε, φημὶ οἳ αὐτὸ ἄνευ τῆς χρείας τὸ ψεῦδος πρὸ πολλοῦ τῆς ἀληθείας τίθενται, ἡδόμενοι τῷ πράγματι καὶ ἐνδιατρίβοντες ἐπʼ οὐδεμιᾷ προφάσει ἀναγκαίᾳ.
But I am speaking, my good friend, of those who, without any utility, prefer the lie itself far above the truth, delighting in the thing and spending time in it for no necessary reason.
τούτους οὖν ἐθέλω εἰδέναι τίνος ἀγαθοῦ τοῦτο ποιοῦσιν.
These, then, I want to know for the sake of what good they do this.
§2Φιλοκλῆς
ἦ που κατανενόηκας ἤδη τινὰς τοιούτους, οἷς ἔμφυτος ὁ ἔρως οὗτός ἐστι πρὸς τὸ ψεῦδος;
Philocles: Doubtless you have already observed some such people, in whom this love of lying is innate?
Τυχιάδης
καὶ μάλα πολλοί εἰσιν οἱ τοιοῦτοι.
Tychiades: Yes, indeed, there are very many such people.
Φιλοκλῆς
τί δʼ οὖν ἄλλο ἢ ἄνοιαν χρὴ αἰτίαν εἶναι αὐτοῖς φάναι τοῦ μὴ τἀληθῆ λέγειν, εἴ γε τὸ χείριστον ἀντὶ τοῦ βελτίστου προαιροῦνται;
Philocles: What else, then, must we say is the cause of their not speaking the truth than folly, if indeed they choose the worst instead of the best?
Τυχιάδης
οὐδὲν οὐδὲ τοῦτο, ὦ Φιλόκλεις·
Tychiades: This too is nothing, Philocles.
ἐπεὶ πολλοὺς ἂν ἐγώ σοι δείξαιμι συνετοὺς τἄλλα καὶ τὴν γνώμην θαυμαστοὺς οὐκ οἶδʼ ὅπως ἑαλωκότας τούτῳ τῷ κακῷ καὶ φιλοψευδεῖς ὄντας, ὡς ἀνιᾶσθαί με, εἰ τοιοῦτοι ἄνδρες ἄριστοι τὰ πάντα ὅμως χαίρουσιν αὑτούς τε καὶ τοὺς ἐντυγχάνοντας ἐξαπατῶντες.
For I could show you many who are clever in other respects and admirable in intellect, but who have somehow been captured by this disease and are fond of lying, so that I am vexed that such men, excellent in all things, nevertheless delight in deceiving both themselves and those who meet them.
ἐκείνους μὲν γὰρ τοὺς παλαιοὺς πρὸ ἐμοῦ σὲ χρὴ εἰδέναι, τὸν Ἡρόδοτον καὶ Κτησίαν τὸν Κνίδιον καὶ πρὸ τούτων τοὺς ποιητὰς καὶ τὸν Ὅμηρον αὐτόν, ἀοιδίμους ἄνδρας, ἐγγράφῳ τῷ ψεύσματι κεχρημένους, ὡς μὴ μόνους ἐξαπατᾶν τοὺς τότε ἀκούοντας σφῶν, ἀλλὰ καὶ μέχρις ἡμῶν διικνεῖσθαι τὸ ψεῦδος ἐκ διαδοχῆς ἐν καλλίστοις ἔπεσι καὶ μέτροις φυλαττόμενον.
For those ancient writers before me you must know well—Herodotus, and Ctesias of Cnidus, and before them the poets and Homer himself, famous men, who made use of written falsehood, so that they not only deceived their listeners at that time, but the lie has reached even to us by succession, preserved in the most beautiful verses and meters.
ἐμοὶ γοῦν πολλάκις αἰδεῖσθαι ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν ἔπεισιν, ὁπόταν Οὐρανοῦ τομὴν καὶ Προμηθέως δεσμὰ διηγῶνται καὶ Γιγάντων ἐπανάστασιν καὶ τὴν ἐν Ἅιδου πᾶσαν τραγῳδίαν, καὶ ὡς διʼ ἔρωτα ὁ Ζεὺς ταῦρος ἢ κύκνος ἐγένετο καὶ ὡς ἐκ γυναικός τις εἰς ὄρνεον ἢ εἰς ἄρκτον μετέπεσεν, ἔτι δὲ Πηγάσους καὶ Χιμαίρας καὶ Γοργόνας καὶ Κύκλωπας καὶ ὅσα τοιαῦτα, πάνυ ἀλλόκοτα καὶ τεράστια μυθίδια παίδων ψυχὰς κηλεῖν δυνάμενα ἔτι τὴν Μορμὼ καὶ τὴν Λάμιαν δεδιότων.
At any rate, it often happens to me to feel shame on their behalf, whenever they narrate the castration of Uranus, the binding of Prometheus, the rebellion of the Giants, and the whole tragedy in Hades, and how Zeus because of love became a bull or a swan, and how someone changed from a woman into a bird or a bear; and besides, Pegasuses, Chimeras, Gorgons, Cyclopes, and all such things, very strange and monstrous myths, capable of charming the minds of children who still fear Mormo and Lamia.
§3Τυχιάδης
καίτοι τὰ μὲν τῶν ποιητῶν ἴσως μέτρια, τὸ δὲ καὶ πόλεις ἤδη καὶ ἔθνη ὅλα κοινῇ καὶ δημοσίᾳ ψεύδεσθαι πῶς οὐ γελοῖον;
Tychiades: And yet, while the tales of the poets are perhaps moderate, how is it not ridiculous that even cities and whole nations lie together and publicly?
εἰ Κρῆτες μὲν τὸν Διὸς τάφον δεικνύντες οὐκ αἰσχύνονται, Ἀθηναῖοι δὲ τὸν Ἐριχθόνιον ἐκ τῆς γῆς ἀναδοθῆναί φασιν καὶ τοὺς πρώτους ἀνθρώπους ἐκ τῆς Ἀττικῆς ἀναφῦναι καθάπερ τὰ λάχανα, πολὺ σεμνότερον οὗτοί γε τῶν Θηβαίων, οἳ ἐξ ὄφεως ὀδόντων Σπαρτούς τινας ἀναβεβλαστηκέναι διηγοῦνται.
If the Cretans are not ashamed to show the tomb of Zeus, and the Athenians say that Erichthonius was given up from the earth and that the first men grew up from Attica like vegetables, these are much more solemn than the Thebans, who narrate that certain 'Sown Men' sprouted from dragon's teeth.
ὃς δʼ ἂν οὖν ταῦτα καταγέλαστα ὄντα μὴ οἴηται ἀληθῆ εἶναι, ἀλλʼ ἐμφρόνως ἐξετάζων αὐτὰ Κοροίβου τινὸς ἢ Μαργίτου νομίζῃ τὸ πείθεσθαι ἢ Τριπτόλεμον ἐλάσαι διὰ τοῦ ἀέρος ἐπὶ δρακόντων ὑποπτέρων ἢ Πᾶνα ἥκειν ἐξ Ἀρκαδίας σύμμαχον εἰς Μαραθῶνα ἢ Ὠρείθυιαν ὑπὸ τοῦ Βορέου ἁρπασθῆναι, ἀσεβὴς οὗτός γε καὶ ἀνόητος αὐτοῖς ἔδοξεν οὕτω προδήλοις καὶ ἀληθέσι πράγμασιν ἀπιστῶν· εἰς τοσοῦτον ἐπικρατεῖ τὸ ψεῦδος.
If anyone, because these things are ridiculous, does not think they are true, but, examining them sensibly, thinks that to believe them is the mark of some Coroebus or Margites—or to believe that Triptolemus rode through the air on winged dragons, or that Pan came from Arcadia as an ally to Marathon, or that Oreithyia was carried off by Boreas—he is deemed impious and foolish by them for disbelieving such manifest and true things; to such an extent does the lie prevail.