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Diodorus Siculus · Bibliotheca Historica §20.1.1-20.1.5

Criticism of Long Speeches in Historical Writing

Passage 189 of 301 · Greek

Summary

The author criticizes the insertion of excessively long and inappropriate speeches into historical narratives, arguing that history must possess an organic unity akin to a living body.

§20.1.1τοῖς εἰς τὰς ἱστορίας ὑπερμήκεις δημηγορίας παρεμβάλλουσιν ἢ πυκναῖς χρωμένοις ῥητορείαις δικαίως ἄν τις ἐπιτιμήσειεν· οὐ μόνον γὰρ τὸ συνεχὲς τῆς διηγήσεως διὰ τὴν ἀκαιρίαν τῶν ἐπεισαγομένων λόγων διασπῶσιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν φιλοτίμως ἐχόντων πρὸς τὴν τῶν πράξεων ἐπίγνωσιν μεσολαβοῦσι τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν.
One might justly censure those who insert excessively long speeches into histories or employ frequent rhetorical declamations; for they not only break the continuity of the narrative by the inappropriateness of the speeches they introduce, but also interrupt the desire of those who are eagerly devoted to the knowledge of the deeds.
§20.1.2καίτοι γε τοὺς ἐπιδείκνυσθαι βουλομένους λόγου δύναμιν ἔξεστι κατʼ ἰδίαν δημηγορίας καὶ πρεσβευτικοὺς λόγους, ἔτι δὲ ἐγκώμια καὶ ψόγους καὶ τἄλλα τὰ τοιαῦτα συντάττεσθαι· τῇ γὰρ οἰκονομίᾳ τῶν λόγων χρησάμενοι καὶ τὰς ὑποθέσεις χωρὶς ἑκατέρας ἐξεργασάμενοι κατὰ λόγον ἂν ἐν ἀμφοτέραις ταῖς πραγματείαις εὐδοκιμοῖεν.
And yet, it is permitted for those who wish to display the power of eloquence to compose speeches of the assembly and embassy, and furthermore panegyrics, vituperations, and other such things separately; for by employing a proper management of discourse and working out each subject apart, they would reasonably win renown in both undertakings.
§20.1.3νῦν δʼ ἔνιοι πλεονάσαντες ἐν τοῖς ῥητορικοῖς λόγοις προσθήκην ἐποιήσαντο τὴν ὅλην ἱστορίαν τῆς δημηγορίας.
But as it is, some, having gone to excess in rhetorical speeches, have made the whole history a mere appendix to the speech.
λυπεῖ δʼ οὐ μόνον τὸ κακῶς γραφέν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ δοκοῦν ἐν τοῖς ἄλλοις ἐπιτετεῦχθαι τόπων καὶ καιρῶν τῆς οἰκείας τάξεως διημαρτηκός.
It is painful not only when something is badly written, but even when that which seems in other respects to be successful is mistaken in the proper order of places and times.
§20.1.4διὸ καὶ τῶν ἀναγινωσκόντων τὰς τοιαύτας πραγματείας οἱ μὲν ὑπερβαίνουσι τὰς ῥητορείας, κἂν ὅλως ἐπιτετεῦχθαι δόξωσιν, οἱ δὲ διὰ τὸ μῆκος καὶ τὴν ἀκαιρίαν τοῦ συγγραφέως ἐκλυθέντες τὰς ψυχὰς τὸ παράπαν ἀφίστανται τῆς ἀναγνώσεως, οὐκ ἀλόγως τοῦτο πάσχοντες·
For this reason, of those who read such works, some skip over the rhetorical speeches, even if they seem to be entirely successful, while others, exhausted in their minds by the length and inappropriateness of the author, abandon the reading altogether, undergoing this not without reason.
§20.1.5τὸ γὰρ τῆς ἱστορίας γένος ἁπλοῦν ἐστι καὶ συμφυὲς αὑτῷ καὶ τὸ σύνολον ἐμψύχῳ σώματι παραπλήσιον, οὗ τὸ μὲν ἐσπαραγμένον ἐστέρηται τῆς ψυχικῆς χάριτος, τὸ δὲ τὴν ἀναγκαίαν σύνθεσιν ἔχον εὐκαίρως τετήρηται καὶ τῷ συμφυεῖ τῆς ὅλης περιγραφῆς ἐπιτερπῆ καὶ σαφῆ παρίστησι τὴν ἀνάγνωσιν.
For the genre of history is simple and organically united with itself, and as a whole resembles a living body, of which the mangled part is deprived of its vital grace, whereas that which keeps its necessary composition is preserved in a proper state, and by the organic unity of the entire outline renders the reading delightful and clear.

Notes

  1. 20.1.1τοῖς ... παρεμβάλλουσιν ἢ ... χρωμένοις — This is the dative object governed by the potential optative verb ἐπιτιμήσειεν ("might censure").
  2. 20.1.2ἔξεστι — An impersonal verb meaning "it is permitted/possible," which here governs an accusative with infinitive construction where τοὺς ... βουλομένους is the subject accusative and συντάττεσθαι is the infinitive.
  3. 20.1.3προσθήκην ἐποιήσαντο τὴν ὅλην ἱστορίαν τῆς δημηγορίας — A construction equivalent to a double accusative, where τὴν ὅλην ἱστορίαν ("the whole history") is the direct object and προσθήκην ("appendix/supplement") is the predicate accusative. The genitive τῆς δημηγορίας modifies προσθήκην, indicating "an appendix to the speech."
  4. 20.1.3τόπων καὶ καιρῶν τῆς οἰκείας τάξεως ... διημαρτηκός — The neuter nominative perfect active participle διημαρτηκός ("having missed/failed") modifies the preceding τὸ δοκοῦν ("that which seems"). It governs the genitive of separation/deprivation (τόπων καὶ καιρῶν τῆς οἰκείας τάξεως, "the proper order of places and times") required by the verb διαμαρτάνω.
  5. 20.1.4ἐκλυθέντες τὰς ψυχὰς — The passive participle ἐκλυθέντες ("weakened/exhausted") is combined with τὰς ψυχὰς ("in their minds/souls"), which functions as an accusative of respect, meaning "spiritually exhausted."
  6. 20.1.5οὗ τὸ μὲν ἐσπαραγμένον ... τὸ δὲ ... ἔχον ... παρίστησι — The relative pronoun in the genitive οὗ (referring back to ἐμψύχῳ σώματι, "a living body") is placed at the beginning of the clause, introducing a contrastive μὲν ... δέ ... structure. τὸ μὲν ἐσπαραγμένον ("the mangled part") is contrasted with τὸ δὲ ... ἔχον ("that which keeps..."), and the latter serves as the subject of the main verb παρίστησι.

Cite this passage

Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica §20.1.1-20.1.5. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.humanitext-grc6:20.1.1-20.1.5

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