§19.1.1παλαιός τις παραδέδοται λόγος ὅτι τὰς δημοκρατίας οὐχ οἱ τυχόντες τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ἀλλʼ οἱ ταῖς ὑπεροχαῖς προέχοντες καταλύουσι.
An ancient saying has been handed down that democracies are overthrown not by ordinary men, but by those who excel in preeminence.
διὸ καὶ τῶν πόλεων ἔνιαι τοὺς ἰσχύοντας μάλιστα τῶν πολιτευομένων ὑποπτεύουσαι καθαιροῦσιν αὐτῶν τὰς ἐπιφανείας.
For this reason, some of the cities, suspecting those of the politicians who are most powerful, curtail their distinctions.
§19.1.2σύνεγγυς γὰρ ἡ μετάβασις εἶναι δοκεῖ τοῖς ἐν ἐξουσίᾳ μένουσιν ἐπὶ τὴν τῆς πατρίδος καταδούλωσιν καὶ δυσχερὲς ἀποσχέσθαι μοναρχίας τοῖς διʼ ὑπεροχὴν τὰς τοῦ κρατήσειν ἐλπίδας περιπεποιημένοις·
For the transition to the enslavement of their fatherland seems to be near for those who remain in power, and it is difficult to abstain from monarchy for those who, through their preeminence, have acquired hopes of ruling.
§19.1.3ἔμφυτον γὰρ εἶναι τὸ πλεονεκτεῖν τοῖς μειζόνων ὀρεγομένοις καὶ τὰς ἐπιθυμίας ἔχειν ἀτερματίστους.
For seeking to have more is natural to those who reach for greater things, and to have their desires boundless.
τοιγαροῦν Ἀθηναῖοι μὲν διὰ ταύτας τὰς αἰτίας τοὺς πρωτεύοντας τῶν πολιτῶν ἐφυγάδευσαν, τὸν λεγόμενον παρʼ αὐτοῖς ἐξοστρακισμὸν νομοθετήσαντες.
Therefore the Athenians, for these reasons, exiled the leading citizens, having established by law the so-called ostracism among them.
καὶ τοῦτʼ ἔπραττον οὐχ ἵνα τῶν προγεγενημένων ἀδικημάτων λάβωσι τιμωρίαν, ἀλλʼ ὅπως τοῖς δυναμένοις παρανομεῖν ἐξουσία μὴ γένηται κατὰ τῆς πατρίδος ἐξαμαρτεῖν.
And they did this not to exact punishment for past wrongdoings, but so that those who had the power to break the law might not have the opportunity to commit crimes against their fatherland.
§19.1.4τῆς γὰρ Σόλωνος φωνῆς ὥσπερ χρησμοῦ τινος ἐμνημόνευον, ἐν οἷς περὶ τῆς Πεισιστράτου τυραννίδος προλέγων ἔθηκε τόδε τὸ ἐλεγεῖον »ἀνδρῶν ἐκ μεγάλων πόλις ὄλλυται, εἰς δὲ τυράννου δῆμος ἀϊδρίῃ δουλοσύνην ἔπεσεν. « §19.1.5μάλιστα δὲ πάντων ἐπεπόλασεν ἡ πρὸς τὰς μοναρχίας ὁρμὴ περὶ Σικελίαν πρὸ τοῦ Ῥωμαίους κυριεῦσαι ταύτης τῆς νήσου· αἱ γὰρ πόλεις ταῖς δημαγωγίαις ἐξαπατώμεναι μέχρι τούτου τοὺς ἀσθενεῖς ἰσχυροὺς κατεσκεύαζον, ἕως δεσπόται γένωνται τῶν ἐξαπατηθέντων.
For they remembered the words of Solon as if some oracle, in which, foretelling about the tyranny of Peisistratus, he set down this elegy: »By great men a city is destroyed, and the people through ignorance fall into the slavery of a tyrant.« But most of all, the impulse toward monarchies prevailed in Sicily before the Romans made themselves masters of this island; for the cities, deceived by demagogueries, kept making the weak powerful up to this point, until they became masters of those who had been deceived.
§19.1.6ἰδιώτατα δὲ πάντων Ἀγαθοκλῆς ἐτυράννησε τῶν Συρακοσίων, ἀφορμαῖς μὲν ἐλαχίσταις χρησάμενος, ἀτυχήμασι δὲ μεγίστοις περιβαλὼν οὐ τὰς Συρακούσσας μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ πᾶσαν Σικελίαν τε καὶ Λιβύην.
But in the most unique manner of all, Agathocles became tyrant of the Syracusans, having used the smallest resources, but having plunged into the greatest misfortunes not only Syracuse, but also all Sicily and Libya.
§19.1.7διʼ ἀπορίαν γὰρ βίου καὶ πραγμάτων ἀσθένειαν τὴν κεραμευτικὴν τέχνην μεταχειρισάμενος εἰς τοῦτο προῆλθε δυνάμεως ἅμα καὶ μιαιφονίας ὥστε καταδουλώσασθαι μὲν τὴν μεγίστην καὶ καλλίστην τῶν πασῶν νήσων, κατακτήσασθαι δὲ χρόνον τινὰ τῆς τε Λιβύης τὴν πλείστην καὶ μέρη τῆς Ἰταλίας, ὕβρεως δὲ καὶ σφαγῆς ἐμπλῆσαι τὰς κατὰ Σικελίαν πόλεις.
For having practiced the potter's craft through lack of livelihood and weakness of resources, he advanced to such a degree of power and at the same time of bloodthirstiness as to enslave the greatest and most beautiful of all islands, and to acquire for a certain time the greater part of Libya and parts of Italy, and to fill the cities throughout Sicily with outrage and slaughter.
§19.1.8οὐδεὶς γὰρ τῶν πρὸ τούτου τυράννων ἐπετελέσατό τι τοιοῦτον οὔτε τοιαύτην ὠμότητα κατὰ τῶν ὑποτεταγμένων ἔσχε.
For none of the tyrants before him accomplished any such thing, nor showed such cruelty toward his subjects.
τοὺς μὲν γὰρ ἰδιώτας ἐκόλαζε πᾶσαν τὴν συγγένειαν ἀποσφάττων, παρὰ δὲ τῶν πόλεων τὰς εὐθύνας ἐλάμβανεν ἡβηδὸν μιαιφονῶν καὶ διʼ ὀλίγους τῶν ἐγκαλουμένων τοὺς πολλοὺς καὶ μηδʼ ὁτιοῦν ἀδικήσαντας ἀναγκάζων τὴν αὐτὴν ἀναδέχεσθαι συμφορὰν πανδημεὶ τῶν πόλεων θάνατον κατεγίνωσκεν.
For he punished private citizens by slaughtering their entire kindred, and from the cities he exacted retribution by murdering those of military age, and because of a few of the accused, forcing the many who had done no wrong at all to undergo the same disaster, he condemned the cities en masse to death.
§19.1.9ἀλλὰ γὰρ τῆς βύβλου ταύτης σὺν τοῖς ἄλλοις περιεχούσης καὶ τὴν τυραννίδα τὴν Ἀγαθοκλέους ἀφιέμενοι τὸ περὶ αὐτῆς προλέγειν τὰ συνεχῆ τοῖς προειρημένοις προσθήσομεν, παραθέντες πρότερον τοὺς οἰκείους τῇ γραφῇ χρόνους.
But since this book, along with other matters, contains also the tyranny of Agathocles, we, omitting to speak of it beforehand, will add what follows continuously upon the things previously said, after first setting forth the chronology appropriate to the history.
§19.1.10ἐν μὲν οὖν ταῖς προειρημέναις ὀκτωκαίδεκα βίβλοις ἀνεγράψαμεν τὰς ἀπὸ τῶν ἀρχαιοτάτων χρόνων πράξεις τὰς γεγενημένας ἐν τοῖς γνωριζομένοις μέρεσι τῆς οἰκουμένης, ἐφʼ ὅσον ἡμῖν δύναμις, ἄχρι πρὸς τὸν ἐνιαυτὸν τὸν πρὸ τῆς Ἀγαθοκλέους τυραννίδος, εἰς ὃν ἀπὸ Τροίας ἁλώσεως ἔτη συνάγεται ὀκτακόσια ἑξήκοντα ἕξ· ἐν δὲ ταύτῃ τὴν ἀρχὴν ἀπὸ τῆς δυναστείας ταύτης ποιησάμενοι καταλήξομεν εἰς τὴν ἐφʼ Ἱμέρᾳ μάχην Ἀγαθοκλεῖ πρὸς Καρχηδονίους, περιλαβόντες ἔτη ἑπτά.
In the preceding eighteen books, therefore, we recorded, so far as lay in our power, the deeds from the most ancient times that occurred in the known parts of the inhabited world, up to the year before the tyranny of Agathocles, to which year from the capture of Troy eight hundred and sixty-six years are reckoned; and in this book, making our beginning from this rule, we shall end at the battle at Himera of Agathocles against the Carthaginians, embracing seven years.