§5.34.1τοῖς δʼ ἤθεσι πρὸς μὲν τοὺς κακούργους καὶ πολεμίους ὑπάρχουσιν ὠμοί, πρὸς δὲ τοὺς ξένους ἐπιεικεῖς καὶ φιλάνθρωποι.
In their character, they are harsh towards criminals and enemies, but gentle and humane towards strangers.
τοὺς γὰρ ἐπιδημήσαντας ξένους ἅπαντες ἀξιοῦσι παρʼ αὑτοῖς ποιεῖσθαι τὰς καταλύσεις καὶ πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἁμίλλῶνται περὶ τῆς φιλοξενίας· οἷς δʼ ἂν οἱ ξένοι συνακολουθήσωσι, τούτους ἐπαινοῦσι καὶ θεοφιλεῖς ἡγοῦνται.
For they all think it right for visiting strangers to make their lodgings with them, and they vie with one another in hospitality; and those whom the strangers accompany, they praise and consider beloved by the gods.
§5.34.2τροφαῖς δὲ χρῶνται κρέασι παντοδαποῖς καὶ δαψιλέσι καὶ οἰνομέλιτος πόματι, χορηγούσης τῆς χώρας τὸ μὲν μέλι παμπληθές, τὸν δʼ οἶνον παρὰ τῶν ἐπιπλεόντων ἐμπόρων ὠνούμενοι.
For food they use meats of all kinds in abundance and a drink of honeyed wine, since the country supplies the honey in great abundance, while they buy the wine from merchants who sail to them.
§5.34.3χαριέστατον δὲ τῶν πλησιοχώρων ἐθνῶν ἐστι τὸ τῶν Οὐακκαίων ὀνομαζομένων σύστημα· οὗτοι γὰρ καθʼ ἕκαστον ἔτος διαιρούμενοι τὴν χώραν γεωργοῦσι, καὶ τοὺς καρποὺς κοινοποιούμενοι μεταδιδόασιν ἑκάστῳ τὸ μέρος, καὶ τοῖς νοσφισαμένοις τι γεωργοῖς θάνατον τὸ πρόστιμον τεθείκασι.
The most attractive of the neighboring nations is the community of those called Vaccaei; for these divide the land each year and cultivate it, and making the crops common property, they distribute to each his share, and they have established death as the penalty for those farmers who embezzle any of it.
§5.34.4τῶν δʼ Ἰβήρων ἀλκιμώτατοι μέν εἰσιν οἱ καλούμενοι Λυσιτανοί, φοροῦσι δʼ ἐν τοῖς πολέμοις πέλτας μικρὰς παντελῶς, διαπεπλεγμένας νεύροις καὶ δυναμένας σκέπειν τὸ σῶμα περιττότερον διὰ τὴν στερεότητα· ταύτην δʼ ἐν ταῖς μάχαις μεταφέροντες εὐλύτως ἄλλοτε ἄλλως ἀπὸ τοῦ σώματος διακρούονται φιλοτέχνως πᾶν τὸ φερόμενον ἐπʼ αὐτοὺς βέλος.
Of the Iberians, the bravest are those called Lusitanians, and they wear in wars very small light-shields, woven with sinews and able to protect the body exceptionally well because of their toughness; moving this shield easily in battle now this way, now that, away from the body, they skillfully ward off every missile directed at them.
§5.34.5χρῶνται δὲ καὶ σαυνίοις ὁλοσιδήροις ἀγκιστρώδεσι, φοροῦσι δὲ κράνη καὶ ξίφη παραπλήσια Κελτίβηρσιν.
They also use barbed javelins made entirely of iron, and they wear helmets and swords very similar to those of the Celtiberians.
ἀκοντίζουσι δʼ εὐστόχως καὶ μακράν, καὶ καθόλου καρτεροπληγεῖς ὑπάρχουσιν.
They hurl their javelins with good aim and to a great distance, and in general they are powerful strikers.
εὐκίνητοι δʼ ὄντες καὶ κοῦφοι ῥᾳδίως καὶ φεύγουσι καὶ διώκουσι, κατὰ δὲ τὰς ἐν ταῖς συστάσεσι τῶν δεινῶν ὑπομονὰς πολὺ λείπονται τῶν Κελτιβήρων.
Being agile and light, they easily both flee and pursue, but in enduring dangers in close combat, they fall far short of the Celtiberians.
ἐπιτηδεύουσι δὲ κατὰ μὲν τὴν εἰρήνην ὄρχησίν τινα κούφην καὶ περιέχουσαν πολλὴν εὐτονίαν σκελῶν, ἐν δὲ τοῖς πολέμοις, πρὸς ῥυθμὸν ἐμβαίνουσι καὶ παιᾶνας ᾅδουσιν, ὅταν ἐπίωσι τοῖς ἀντιτεταγμένοις.
During peace, they practice a certain light dance which requires great agility of the legs, and in wars, they march in rhythm and sing paeans when they charge the opposing forces.
§5.34.6ἴδιον δέ τι παρὰ τοῖς Ἴβηρσι καὶ μάλιστα παρὰ τοῖς Λυσιτανοῖς ἐπιτηδεύεται· τῶν γὰρ ἀκμαζόντων ταῖς ἡλικίαις οἱ μάλιστα ἀπορώτατοι ταῖς οὐσίαις, ῥώμῃ δὲ σώματος καὶ θράσει διαφέροντες, ἐφοδιάσαντες αὑτοὺς ἀλκῇ καὶ τοῖς ὅπλοις εἰς τὰς ὀρεινὰς δυσχωρίας ἀθροίζονται, συστήματα δὲ ποιήσαντες ἀξιόλογα κατατρέχουσι τὴν Ἰβηρίαν καὶ λῃστεύοντες πλούτους ἀθροίζουσι· καὶ τοῦτο διατελοῦσι πράττοντες μετὰ πάσης καταφρονήσεως· κούφοις γὰρ χρώμενοι καθοπλισμοῖς καὶ παντελῶς ὄντες εὐκίνητοι καὶ ὀξεῖς δυσχειρότατοι τοῖς ἄλλοις εἰσί.
A certain unique practice is observed among the Iberians and especially among the Lusitanians: for of those in the prime of life, those who are most destitute in property but outstanding in strength of body and boldness, equipping themselves with courage and weapons, gather in the mountainous, rugged places, and having formed noteworthy bands, they overrun Iberia and gather wealth by plundering; and they continue doing this with total contempt of danger; for using light equipment and being entirely agile and swift, they are extremely difficult for others to handle.
§5.34.7καθόλου δὲ τὰς ἐν τοῖς ὄρεσι δυσχωρίας καὶ τραχύτητας ἡγούμενοι πατρίδας εἶναι, εἰς ταύτας καταφεύγουσι, δυσδιεξόδους οὔσας μεγάλοις καὶ βαρέσι στρατοπέδοις.
In general, considering the rugged and rough places in the mountains as their homeland, they flee to these, which are difficult to traverse for large and heavily armed armies.
διὸ καὶ Ῥωμαῖοι πολλάκις ἐπʼ αὐτοὺς στρατεύσαντες τῆς μὲν πολλῆς καταφρονήσεως ἀπέστησαν αὐτούς, εἰς τέλος δὲ τὰ λῃστήρια καταλῦσαι πολλάκις φιλοτιμηθέντες οὐκ ἠδυνήθησαν.
Therefore, although the Romans often campaigned against them and made them abandon their great arrogance, though they often eagerly desired to put an end to their brigandage completely, they were unable to do so.