§5.21.1ἐπεὶ δὲ περὶ τοῦ κατὰ τὴν Λιβύην ὠκεανοῦ καὶ τῶν ἐν αὐτῷ νήσων διήλθομεν, μεταβιβάσομεν τὸν λόγον ἐπὶ τὴν Εὐρώπην.
Since we have completed our account of the ocean near Libya and the islands in it, we shall transfer our discourse to Europe.
κατὰ γὰρ τὴν Γαλατίαν τὴν παρωκεανῖτιν κατʼ ἀντικρὺ τῶν Ἑρκυνίων ὀνομαζομένων δρυμῶν ʽμεγίστους γὰρ ὑπάρχειν παρειλήφαμεν τῶν κατὰ τὴν Εὐρώπηνʼ νῆσοι πολλαὶ κατὰ τὸν ὠκεανὸν ὑπάρχουσιν, ὧν ἐστι μεγίστη ἡ Βρεττανικὴ καλουμένη.
For opposite the ocean-facing part of Galatia, over against the forests called Hercynian (which we have received word are the greatest of those in Europe), there lie many islands in the ocean, of which the greatest is that called Britain.
§5.21.2αὕτη δὲ τὸ μὲν παλαιὸν ἀνεπίμικτος ἐγένετο ξενικαῖς δυνάμεσιν· οὔτε γὰρ Διόνυσον οὔθʼ Ἡρακλέα παρειλήφαμεν οὔτε τῶν ἄλλων ἡρώων ἐστρατευμένον ἐπʼ αὐτήν·
In ancient times, this island remained unmixed with foreign forces; for we have no record of either Dionysus or Heracles, or any of the other heroes, having made a campaign against it.
καθʼ ἡμᾶς δὲ Γάιος Καῖσαρ ὁ διὰ τὰς πράξεις ἐπονομασθεὶς θεὸς πρῶτος τῶν μνημονευομένων ἐχειρώσατο τὴν νῆσον, καὶ τοὺς Βρεττανοὺς καταπολεμήσας ἠνάγκασε τελεῖν ὡρισμένους φόρους.
But in our own day, Gaius Caesar, who on account of his deeds was styled a god, was the first of those on record to master the island, and having subdued the Britons, forced them to pay prescribed tributes.
ἀλλὰ περὶ μὲν τούτων τὰς κατὰ μέρος πράξεις ἐν τοῖς οἰκείοις χρόνοις ἀναγράψομεν, περὶ δὲ τῆς νήσου καὶ τοῦ φυομένου κατʼ αὐτὴν καττιτέρου νῦν διέξιμεν.
However, concerning these matters, we shall record the detailed events in their proper times, and at present we shall discuss the island and the tin that is produced in it.
§5.21.3αὕτη γὰρ τῷ σχήματι τρίγωνος οὖσα παραπλησίως τῇ Σικελίᾳ τὰς πλευρὰς οὐκ ἰσοκώλους ἔχει.
For this island, being triangular in shape like Sicily, has sides of unequal length.
παρεκτεινούσης δʼ αὐτῆς παρὰ τὴν Εὐρώπην λοξῆς, τὸ μὲν ἐλάχιστον ἀπὸ τῆς ἠπείρου διεστηκὸς ἀκρωτήριον, ὃ καλοῦσι Κάντιον, φασὶν ἀπέχειν ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς σταδίους ὡς ἑκατόν, καθʼ ὃν τόπον ἡ θάλαττα ποιεῖται τὸν ἔκρουν, τὸ δʼ ἕτερον ἀκρωτήριον τὸ καλούμενον Βελέριον ἀπέχειν λέγεται τῆς ἠπείρου πλοῦν ἡμερῶν τεττάρων, τὸ δʼ ὑπολειπόμενον ἀνήκειν μὲν ἱστοροῦσιν εἰς τὸ πέλαγος, §5.21.4ὀνομάζεσθαι δʼ Ὄρκαν.
As it extends obliquely along Europe, the promontory which lies at the shortest distance from the mainland, which they call Kantion, is said to be about one hundred stades distant from the land, at the place where the sea makes its outlet; and the other promontory, called Belerion, is said to be distant from the mainland a voyage of four days, while the remaining one is recorded to project into the open sea, and to be named Orkas.
τῶν δὲ πλευρῶν τὴν μὲν ἐλαχίστην εἶναι σταδίων ἑπτακισχιλίων πεντακοσίων, παρήκουσαν παρὰ τὴν Εὐρώπην, τὴν δὲ δευτέραν τὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ πορθμοῦ πρὸς τὴν κορυφὴν ἀνήκουσαν σταδίων μυρίων πεντακισχιλίων, τὴν δὲ λοιπὴν σταδίων δισμυρίων, ὥστε τὴν πᾶσαν εἶναι τῆς νήσου περιφορὰν σταδίων τετρακισμυρίων δισχιλίων πεντακοσίων.
Of the sides, the shortest is seven thousand five hundred stades, running along Europe; the second, extending from the strait to the apex, is fifteen thousand stades; and the remaining one is twenty thousand stades, so that the entire circumference of the island is forty-two thousand five hundred stades.
§5.21.5κατοικεῖν δέ φασι τὴν Βρεττανικὴν αὐτόχθονα γένη καὶ τὸν παλαιὸν βίον ταῖς ἀγωγαῖς διατηροῦντα.
They say that the British island is inhabited by indigenous peoples who preserve their ancient way of life in their habits.
ἅρμασι μὲν γὰρ κατὰ τοὺς πολέμους χρῶνται, καθάπερ οἱ παλαιοὶ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἥρωες ἐν τῷ Τρωικῷ πολέμῳ κεχρῆσθαι παραδέδονται, καὶ τὰς οἰκήσεις εὐτελεῖς ἔχουσιν, ἐκ τῶν καλάμων ἢ ξύλων κατὰ τὸ πλεῖστον συγκειμένας·
For they use chariots in their wars, just as the ancient heroes of the Greeks are handed down to have used them in the Trojan War, and they have mean dwellings, constructed for the most part of reeds or wood.
τήν τε συναγωγὴν τῶν σιτικῶν καρπῶν ποιοῦνται τοὺς στάχυς αὐτοὺς ἀποτέμνοντες καὶ θησαυρίζοντες εἰς τὰς καταστέγους οἰκήσεις· ἐκ δὲ τούτων τοὺς παλαιοὺς στάχυς καθʼ ἡμέραν τίλλειν, §5.21.6καὶ κατεργαζομένους ἔχειν τὴν τροφήν.
They gather their grain crops by cutting off the ears themselves and storing them in roofed buildings; and from these they pluck the old ears day by day, and by processing them, obtain their food.
τοῖς δʼ ἤθεσιν ἁπλοῦς εἶναι καὶ πολὺ κεχωρισμένους τῆς τῶν νῦν ἀνθρώπων ἀγχινοίας καὶ πονηρίας.
In their characters they are simple and far removed from the shrewdness and wickedness of modern men.
τάς τε διαίτας εὐτελεῖς ἔχειν, καὶ τῆς ἐκ τοῦ πλούτου γεννωμένης τρυφῆς πολὺ διαλλάττοντας.
Their ways of living are frugal, and they differ greatly from the luxury that is born of wealth.
εἶναι δὲ καὶ πολυάνθρωπον τὴν νῆσον, καὶ τὴν τοῦ ἀέρος ἔχειν διάθεσιν παντελῶς κατεψυγμένην, ὡς ἂν ὑπʼ αὐτὴν τὴν ἄρκτον κειμένην.
The island is also populous, and has a climate that is completely cold, as it lies right under the Great Bear.
βασιλεῖς δὲ καὶ δυνάστας πολλοὺς ἔχειν, καὶ πρὸς ἀλλήλους κατὰ τὸ
They have many kings and chieftains, and towards one another for the most