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Diodorus Siculus · Bibliotheca Historica §3.6.1-3.6.4

Custom of the King's Death in Meroë and Its Abolition by Ergamenes

Passage 167 of 406 · Greek

Summary

The author describes the extraordinary custom in Meroe of priests ordering the king to die, and how King Ergamenes, who had received a Greek education, broke this custom during the reign of Ptolemy II.

§3.6.1συγγενέσιν ὀνείδη καταλίπῃ μείζω.
...might not leave behind greater reproaches to his kinsmen.
πάντων δʼ ἐστὶ παραδοξότατον τὸ γινόμενον περὶ τὴν τελευτὴν τῶν βασιλέων.
But of all things, the most extraordinary is that which happens concerning the death of the kings.
κατὰ γὰρ τὴν Μερόην οἱ περὶ τὰς τῶν θεῶν θεραπείας τε καὶ τιμὰς διατρίβοντες ἱερεῖς, μεγίστην καὶ κυριωτάτην τάξιν ἔχοντες, ἐπειδὰν ἐπὶ νοῦν αὐτοῖς ἔλθῃ, πέμπουσιν ἄγγελον πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα, κελεύοντες ἀποθνήσκειν.
For in Meroe, the priests who occupy themselves with the services and honors of the gods, holding the greatest and most authoritative rank, whenever it enters into their minds, send a messenger to the king, ordering him to die.
§3.6.2τοὺς γὰρ θεοὺς αὐτοῖς ταῦτα κεχρηματικέναι, καὶ δεῖν τὸ πρόσταγμα τῶν ἀθανάτων ὑπὸ θνητῆς φύσεως μηδαμῶς παροραθῆναι.
For they declare that the gods have revealed this to them, and that the command of the immortals must in no way be disregarded by mortal nature.
καὶ ἑτέρους δʼ ἐπιφθέγγονται λόγους, οἵους ἂν ἁπλῇ διανοίᾳ προσδέξαιτο φύσις ἀρχαίᾳ μὲν καὶ δυσεξαλείπτῳ συνηθείᾳ συντεθραμμένη, λόγον δʼ οὐκ ἔχουσα τὸν ἐναντιωσόμενον τοῖς οὐκ ἀναγκαίως προσταττομένοις.
And they add other arguments such as a mind might accept with simple understanding, having been brought up under an ancient and hard-to-erase custom, and having no reasoning to oppose what is commanded without necessity.
§3.6.3κατὰ μὲν οὖν τοὺς ἐπάνω χρόνους ὑπήκουον οἱ βασιλεῖς τοῖς ἱερεῦσιν, οὐχ ὅπλοις οὐδὲ βίᾳ κρατηθέντες, ἀλλʼ ὑπʼ αὐτῆς τῆς δεισιδαιμονίας τοὺς λογισμοὺς κατισχυόμενοι·
Thus in former times the kings used to obey the priests, not because they were overcome by arms or by force, but because their reasoning was mastered by superstition itself.
κατὰ δὲ τὸν δεύτερον Πτολεμαῖον ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Αἰθιόπων Ἐργαμένης, μετεσχηκὼς Ἑλληνικῆς ἀγωγῆς καὶ φιλοσοφήσας, πρῶτος ἐθάρρησε καταφρονῆσαι τοῦ προστάγματος.
But in the time of Ptolemy the Second, the king of the Ethiopians, Ergamenes, having partaken of a Greek education and studied philosophy, was the first who dared to despise the command.
§3.6.4λαβὼν γὰρ φρόνημα τῆς βασιλείας ἄξιον παρῆλθε μετὰ στρατιωτῶν εἰς τὸ ἄβατον, οὗ συνέβαινεν εἶναι τὸν χρυσοῦν ναὸν τῶν Αἰθιόπων, καὶ τοὺς μὲν ἱερεῖς ἀπέσφαξε, τὸ δὲ ἔθος τοῦτο καταλύσας διωρθώσατο πρὸς τὴν ἑαυτοῦ προαίρεσιν.
For, conceiving a resolution worthy of a king, he entered with soldiers into the forbidden place where the golden temple of the Ethiopians happened to be, and slaughtered the priests; and having abolished this custom, he reformed affairs in accordance with his own purpose.

Notes

  1. 3.6.1συγγενέσιν ὀνείδη καταλίπῃ μείζω — This contains the verb καταλίπῃ (aorist subjunctive) in the purpose clause introduced by the conjunction ἵνα at the end of the preceding chunk. It expresses the purpose "so that he might not leave behind greater reproaches to his kinsmen," continuing the narrative of the son who endured being strangled by his mother.
  2. 3.6.2τοὺς γὰρ θεοὺς αὐτοῖς ταῦτα κεχρηματικέναι — This is an accusative with infinitive construction in indirect discourse, continued from the context of "sending a messenger" (πέμπουσιν ἄγγελον) in the preceding sentence, without an explicit introductory verb of saying. It explains the content of the message delivered by the messenger.
  3. 3.6.2λόγον δʼ οὐκ ἔχουσα τὸν ἐναντιωσόμενον τοῖς οὐκ ἀναγκαίως προσταττομένοις — The participle ἔχουσα agrees with the preceding φύσις, describing its attribute. The phrase τοῖς οὐκ ἀναγκαίως προσταττομένοις means "things commanded without necessity (or rational basis)," referring to the arbitrary orders of the priests.

Cite this passage

Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica §3.6.1-3.6.4. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.humanitext-grc5:3.6.1-3.6.4

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